British company law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2029 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Question One It has become clear that the issue at hand relates to shareholders’ rights. It has been established in evidence that the Table A Articles of Association provide for two classes of shares: ordinary and preference. Ordinary shares are exactly what their name suggests, they carry with them all the rights and responsibilities of a regular shareholder of the company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "British company law" essay for you Create order The issue reaches frustration point when one considers the rights of those who hold preference shares, however. The Articles of Association provide that the preference shareholders have no participatory rights, nor do they have any rights to vote in general meetings. In addition to this, it is alleged that the directors of the company, who hold 80% of the ordinary shares of the company between themselves, are attempting to use their positions in a selfish manner, seeking to gain financially from their positions. This brief sets out to inquire into these issues, and critically analyse them in the context of British company law. While it has been established that the directors of Sunkit Ltd own 80% of the ordinary shares, there is no mandate for them to hold shares in the company in order to act as a director. The 1985 version of the Table A Articles does not provide for this requirement. For the purposes of the first analysis, it is important to consider the directors within the co ntext of being shareholders of the company, and not in terms of their official appointments. It is alleged by the preference shareholders that a scheme is proposed that would serve to reduce the preferential dividend paid to preference shareholders from 7% to 2%, with the rationale being based on commercial losses. Given that the Articles of Association provide for the dividend to be 7%, any alteration to this amount would require an alteration to the Articles. This can only be done by a special resolution at a general meeting.[1] In order for a special resolution to be passed at a general meeting of shareholders, 75% of the total votes cast must be in favour of the resolution.[2] There is also a provision that would allow the directors of the company to propose a special general meeting in writing, rather than having a physical meeting.[3] Considering this in the context of the facts at hand, the directors of Sunkit Ltd could quite legally pass a resolution amending the Articles of Association in this regard. The directors hold over 75% of the ordinary shares that are eligible to vote at general meetings (80% in fact), and could quite easily pass this resolution if they all voted in favour of the resolution, either personally or by proxy.[4] The passing of this resolution would be deemed to have been accepted by the members, and will take effect provided it is not in breach of legislation or any other law regarding corporate governance.[5] This would, however, need to be done at a general meeting using a special resolution, and not by an ordinary resolution. In regards to the alleged proposed cancellation of the preference shares, the board would not be permitted to do this where such an action would be deemed to be unfair.[6] The court would consider whether such an action can be deemed to be to be fair either between different classes of shareholders,[7] or between shareholders of the same class.[8] In this scenario, we would see that the preference shar eholders would not be paid any return for their investments, and hence one would conclude that this scheme hardly seems fair and equitable. Common law also suggests that, where a reduction of capital was to take place, the preference shares would be the last class of shares to be reduced.[9] This would effectively provide for an equitable scheme, showing that both ordinary and preference shareholders receive relatively equal treatment in regards to the reduction of capital within the company. Reduction of capital can only occur where power is granted by the Articles of Association (there is provision in article 34 of Table A), and this power can only be exercised by special resolution in an identical procedure to the case previously outlined. The reduction of capital would then need to be effected by the Court, or else it will not have a binding value.[10] Given that the rights of preference shareholders are not given legal certainty and are subject to common law interpretation, it may be recommended that the preference shareholders seek to have a provision inserted into the Articles of Association that requires any reduction of capital to be approved by them at a separate class meeting, as it would be deemed to be a variation of shareholder rights. This provision would be similar (if not identical) to the one discussed in Re Northern Engineering Industries plc [1994] 2 BCLC 709. There is a certain amount of protection for the preference shareholders at common law in regards to reduction of capital; however it would be in their best interests to seek rigid entrenchment in the articles of the company. In regards to the alleged proposal regarding the ability of directors to issue preference shares to themselves, this would quite clearly be in breach of common law provisions. These provisions have since been given effect in legislation. For example, if a director seeks to use his power to issue shares in an attempt to favour a particular class of shareholders at the expense of another group of shareholders without their consent, then such an allotment of shares would be deemed to be invalid by the Courts.[11] This principle is further enhanced through section 80 of the Companies Act 1985, which regulates the ability of the directors of the company to issue shares, outlining various requirements of disclosure and transparency. Such an action by the directors of Sunkit Ltd could not possibly succeed, as it is clearly outlawed at a legislative level. Question Two Part A The building in question is alleged to have been sold at a price that was significantly lower than the value determined by the independent valuation. At the time the property was sold, it could be argued that the directors of the company had knowledge that Company XYZ Ltd was struggling to pay its debts as and when they fell due, hence the need to turn assets into capital. It is assumed, for the purposes of this question, that the auditor that was appointed to act o n behalf of the company was appointed in coherence with relevant governing legislation.[12] This raises questions in regards to the directors and the performance of their duties. Given that the company was bordering on being insolvent, one would assume that a director would try and extract maximum value out of a transaction, rather than disposing of an asset for ‘quick cash’. There is evidence at common law that a director must act â€Å"in the interests of the company† when exercising their power to dispose of the company’s property.[13] Given the gross neglect of the value given to the directors by the auditor, it is clear that this did not happen; hence the directors (in this circumstance) may be liable for action in the Courts for breach of their duty as a fiduciary of the company. Part B This question revolves around the conversion of a substantial loan into a floating charge. The use of a floating charge meant that the company was still free to deal with the assets used to secure the charge during their normal course of business, without any consent of the chargee. The floating charge then ‘crystallises’ when, for example, the company ceases business.[14] This would turn a floating charge into a fixed charge, and allows the creditors to seek recourse from these assets in order to recover their debts. This effectively makes the company liable to pay the debt (provided it was the company that took the debt and not the director herself). Obviously if the company is found to be liable for the debt, then assets will be sold by the administrator as per standard winding-up procedures in order to pay the creditors. Part C This question differs in kind from that in Part A. We see, in fact, the opposite occurring. Rather, company property was sold at a grossly excessive price, when the property was valued by the auditor at being significantly less than then sale price. This question, then, revolves around the iss ue of fraudulent trading. It appears in the evidence that the purchaser of the property was misled into believing that the property was worth  £15 million, rather than the  £4 million it was in fact sold for. Under legislation, any person who seeks to intentionally defraud the creditors of a company may be held liable to make contributions to the company’s assets as the court sees fit,[15] or alternatively the court may seek to disqualify that person from being a director of a company.[16] Where a contribution by the director is deemed necessary by the courts, such an action can only be made during a winding up, however the director may be liable for criminal proceedings at any time.[17] In this scenario, given that the conduct of the director did not lead to a financial loss to the company in regards to this transaction, it would appear that disqualification from directorship would be a more likely option. The director, Janet, may be liable for criminal prosecution as a result of her actions in defrauding the creditor in the sale of the property. Part D There is a key distinction to be made between the concepts of ‘wrongful trading’ and ‘fraudulent trading’. Wrongful trading means that the director did not take all reasonable steps to ensure that the company did not become insolvent upon entering into the transaction, and hence relies more so on negligence on the part of the director.[18] Fraudulent trading, on the other hand, has its basis more on the intent of the director, where the intention was always to defraud a party.[19] The concept of fraudulent trading is further discussed at a common law level, which further entrenches the notions of intent and blatant dishonesty.[20] These concepts have been dealt with in the case of Company XYZ Ltd, and it has been established that there have been incidences of fraudulent trading, which tends to carry more severe criminal charges if the case is substantiated. Bibliog raphy Books Mayson, S, French, D and Ryan, C, Mayson, French and Ryan on Company Law (2003, 19th ed), London: Oxford University Press Sealy, LS, Cases and Materials in Company Law (2001, 7th ed), London: Butterworths Walmsley, K (ed), Butterworths Company Law Handbook (2003, 17th ed), London: LexisNexis Butterworths Legislation Companies Act 1985 Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 Insolvency Act 1986 Cases British and American Trustee and Finance Corporation Ltd and reduced v Couper [1894] AC 399 Harben v Phillips (1882) 23 ChD 14 Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821, PC JJ Harrison (Properties) Ltd v Harrison [2002] 1 BCLC 162 Poole v National Bank of China Ltd [1907] AC 229 Re EB Tractors Ltd [1986] NI 165 Re Floating Dock Co of St Thomas Ltd [1895] 1 CH 691 Re Northern Engineering Industries plc [1994] 2 BCLC 709 Re Patrick and Lyon Ltd [1933] Ch 786 Re Peveril Gold Mines Ltd [1898] 1 Ch 122 Re Woodroffes (Musical Instruments) Ltd [1986] CH 366 Scottish Insurance Corporation Ltd v Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co Ltd [1949] AC 462 Welton v Saffrey [1897] AC 299 Whitehouse v Carlton Hotel Pty Ltd (1987) 162 CLR 285 1 Footnotes [1] Companies Act 1985, s 9(1). [2] Companies Act 1985, s 378(1) and (2). [3] Companies Act 1985, s 381A. [4] Harben v Phillips (1882) 23 ChD 14, 32 and 35-6 (Cotton LJ and Bowen LJ). [5] Welton v Saffrey [1897] AC 299, 329 (Lord Davey). See also Re Peveril Gold Mines Ltd [1898] 1 Ch 122. [6] Poole v National Bank of China Ltd [1907] AC 229, 239 (Lord Macnaughten) [7] Ibid. See also Scottish Insurance Corporation Ltd v Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co Ltd [1949] AC 462, 486 (Lord Simonds). [8] British and American Trustee and Finance Corporation Ltd and reduced v Couper [1894] AC 399, 406 (Lord Herschell LC). [9] Re Floating Dock Co of St Thomas Ltd [1895] 1 CH 691. [10] Companies Act 1985, s 135(1). [11] Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821, PC. See also Whitehouse v Carlton Hotel Pty Ltd (1987) 162 CLR 285 for an Australian example. [12] Companies Act 1985, s 25. [13] JJ Harrison (Properties) Ltd v Harrison [2002] 1 BCLC 162, 173 (Chad wick LJ). [14] Re Woodroffes (Musical Instruments) Ltd [1986] CH 366. [15] Insolvency Act 1986, s 213. [16] Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986, s 10. [17] Companies Act 1985, s 458. [18] Insolvency Act 1986, s 214. [19] Insolvency Act 1986, s 213. [20] Re EB Tractors Ltd [1986] NI 165. See also Re Patrick and Lyon Ltd [1933] Ch 786.

Essay on Ways Terror is Cultivated in Chapter 26 of Jane...

Analyse the ways Charlotte Bronte creates a sense of terror in chapter 26 and comment on how this is sustained in the context of the gothic genre elsewhere in the novel. ‘Jane Eyre’ is a 19th century novel written by Charlotte Bronte. Bronte creates a sense of terror in chapter 26 in various ways, including: the rendezvous with Bertha and Bronte’s description. The gothic style also plays a big part in numerous points in the book. â€Å"Jane Eyre† is about a young orphan girl called Jane Eyre who is neglected by her aunt and grows up to be a governess, who is well educated. She marries Mr. Rochester after a series of events. In chapter 26, Jane Eyre is preparing for her wedding. Mr. Rochester seems anxious, he wants to get to the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Day of judgement when the secrets of all hearts shall be disclosed†, this phrase normally refers to death but Rochester’s day of Judgement is already upon him in another way. It is ironic as Rochester’s day of judgement is that day as if he gets married he will have two wives. When the two â€Å"strangers† enter the church and say â€Å"the marriage cannot go on†, the reader is not very shocked as those two people were mentioned several times. And when Rochester responds to the situation by saying â€Å"Proceed†, it shows Rochester wasn’t really shocked either. He was expecting this to happen, which explains his earlier behaviour. Briggs, one of the â€Å"strangers†, who is a solicitor, says â€Å"Mr Rochester has a wife now living†, this is the first time it is mentioned that Mr Rochester has a wife, though it had been foreshadowed earlier in the novel when Jane hears laughing in the 3rd floor of Thornfield hall. In Thornfield Hall lives Bertha Rochester, the wife of Mr. Rochester. Mrs. Rochester is the mysterious person Jane heard laughing earlier in the novel. At the time the evil, bizarre laughing created terror as the laughing was not normal laughing. The cackling sounded â€Å"ireful†. So when Jane is alone and hears the laughing the reader is filled with terror as Jane is filled with terror too. Bertha is the opposite of Jane. Rochester says Jane is â€Å"as fair a lily†, this shows Jane is pure. In Victorian times women are traditionally supposed to be morally pure. Jane is a

Answers Risk Aversion and Security Free Essays

Your assistant, Thomas, is briefing you on the current portfolio and states â€Å"We have too much of our portfolio in Alpha. We should probably move some of those funds into Gamma so we can achieve better diversification. † Is he right? Hint: Feel free to use spreadsheet statistical functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Answers: Risk Aversion and Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now ] Here is the data on all three stocks. Assume, for convenience, that all three securities do not pay dividends. Alpha, Current Price 40; Current Weight 80%; Next Year’s Price: Expansion 48, Normal 44, Recession 36; Beta, Current Price 27. 0; Current Weight 20%; Next Year’s Price: Expansion 27. 50, Normal 26, Recession 25; Gamma, Current Price 15; Current Weight 0%; Next Year’s Price: Expansion 16. 50, Normal 19. 50, Recession 12. It depends. No. Yes. Answer : Yes Question 10 (15 points) Suppose there are two mortgage bankers. Banker 1 has two $1,000,000 mortgages to sell. The borrowers live on opposite sides of the country and face an independent probability of default of 5%, with the banker able to salvage 40% of the mortgage value in case of default. Banker 2 also has two $1,000,000 mortgages to sell, but Banker g’s borrowers live on the same street, have the same Job security and income. Put differently, the fates and thus solvency of Banker g’s borrowers move in lock step. They have a probability of defaulting of 5%, with the banker able to salvage 40% of the mortgage value in case of default. Both Bankers plan to sell their exceptive mortgages as a bundle in a mortgage-backed security (MBPS) (I. E. , as a portfolio). Which of the following is correct? Banker g’s MBPS has a higher expected return and more risk. Banker Xi’s MBPS has a higher expected return and less risk. Banker Xi’s MBPS has a higher expected return and more risk. Banker g’s MBPS has more risk, but the expected returns on both MBPS are the same. Banker Xi’s MBPS has more risk, but the expected returns on both MBPS are the same. Banker g’s MBPS has a higher expected return and less risk. The same. In accordance with the Coursers Honor Code, I (Oddity Vats) certify that the answers here are my own work. How to cite Answers: Risk Aversion and Security, Papers

Science of Consumer Behavior Tourism Industry

Question: Discuss about the Science of Consumer Behavior for Tourism Industry. Answer: Introduction Travel and tourism industry has grown to be one of the most influential industries of the world. It has driven many economies towards welfare which is one of the best things that has happened to many developing economies. Many countries in the world largely depend upon travel and tourism industry for the overall growth and development of the country. It s important to mention that with time opportunities in travel and tourism industry has grown which has been conducive for many countries to make serious amendments about the travel and tourism industry in the country (Morin, 2011). The importance of travel and tourism has grown rapidly as the interest in tourism has increased consistently in the last few decades which have been conducive for the growth and development of the travel and tourism industry globally. Countries like Malaysia, Mauritius, and Hong Kong depend highly on their tourism. On the other hand countries like Spain, Italy, and United Kingdom receive a substantial amount through travel and tourism. It is quite clear that tourism consumer has increased slowly and steadily with time and this has favored competition in the travel and tourism market. Every tourism company has emphasised on understanding the science of consumer behavior. The key to realising the different aspects that helps a consumer decide on their tourism consumption. Hence it could be said that the science of consumer behavior is extremely important to be understood by companies and the present study will try to delve deep into this matter. The increasing number of holiday destina tions all around the world has kind of got people confused about making their tourism decisions which creates a huge problem in the industry (MacInnis Folkes, 2010). The purchase decisions of the consumers depend on different attributes which are extremely important to be evaluated. There have been a lot of researches on consumer purchasing behavior and it has showed that consumer purchase behavior is a complex mechanism and involves huge psychological assessment of different aspects. The buying behavior of consumers stands to be very important in deciding about choosing a product or service that will fulfill the needs and wants of the consumers. Consumer behavioral attributes is what most of the companies try to analyse in order to understand what they could exactly think and assess before going for a certain product or service (Goel et al., 2010). The information is taken from a primary research study which was based on specific number of respondents interested in travel and their responses have been interpreted numerically in order to gain effective idea about the trend in travel and tourism industry. The study will help us to scrutinise the key reasons behind the decision taken by a consumers and what thought process is likely applied in choosing the holiday destinations. The different attributes like cost, transport, different activities involved come into picture and how do they influence the decision making process of the consumers are also reflected upon effectively (De Mooij, 2010). Analysis of consumer decisions The present study has taken up the overall assessment of choosing three different holiday destinations. In the first place it is important to mention that all the data collected have reflected on the original decisions of the respondents and it has helped to realise the key factors that goes on to make consumer decisions. Three respondents and their data have been chosen to be analysed effectively which will give us a fair bit of idea about the science of consumer behavior. The three respondents have answered certain questions relevant on 6 different locations all around the world and have given contrasting answers which would help us to develop strong rationale about consumer behavior and the influence of different aspects related to consumer buying behavior (Foxall, 2010). The main factor that has seemed to have affected the consumer behavior of buying any tourism package is Cost. Cost is one of the most important things that are taken into account by most consumers in order to develop a strong sense which drives their buying behavior. Cost or economic factor has always been the biggest motivator and vice versa for people indulging into shopping, entertainment and travel and tourism. It has been again proved that consumers see cost as the major influence in making their purchase decisions. From the given data it could be seen that two out of three respondents have rated cost as one of the most key aspect in evaluating a particular destination as suitable or not suitable. Both the respondents have given it a rating above 40 which clearly indicates that the trend of choosing the travel and tourism package is highly dependent on cost (Miller, 2009). Cost determines whether a consumer will choose a particular product or not. At the same in relation to this criteria both the respondents who are male one of 51 and the other of 19 have nodded negatively against the expensive package of Spain, France and Italy and rated it 1 which means very poor. This also clears the air about any confusion lying on the fact that cost is the most important aspect for any consumers looking to book tourism package. This has also been seen that both the respondents saying cost is a key factor are men which means that men tends to assess cost as a huge factor which means men are much more conservative about the income and expenses and want to spend or invest money prudently which is very visible from this case. On the other hand the woman has rated cost under 40 which means she does have an opinion on price but it is not a big deal for her and she is much more interested on the other factors (De Mooij Hofstede, 2011). The aspect of cost brings in another related factor into the picture that is income. It is important to mention that income attribute of a consumer is also a huge factor in determining ones taste and preference but of course there are exceptions. In this case as it is seen from the given data that respondent 1 is a young male of 19 and is still studying and is a part time worker and doesnt have huge income he has already cleared that he wants to have new experiences it is imminent that he will effectively develop interest for tourism. But since his income is not huge and is just $39000 a year it becomes tough for him to afford any kind of expensive tourism package (Wyer Srull, 2014). At the same time the 51 year old male has an income of around $151,900 pretax he is married and hence he cannot only focus on tourism so it is clear that both of them are bound financially and cannot go for expensive tourism package and so they go for cheaper packages. Whereas the female respondent has high income and apparently much stable so she could easily afford to pay for expensive packages (Kardes et al., 2014). If its minutely seen it could be said that these individuals differ in their style and interest since they belong to different group, ethnicity and culture. It is important to mention that the choice of tourism locations also largely depend upon ethnicity. In this case we have got diversified ethnicity. The young student is from Australia and he is extroverted as he has strongly agreed to this point in the survey, it could be said that being a young boy from university he would look to learn about the life of worlds biggest sin city Las Vegas. As a young man he would like to experience the night life of the place and learn about different things and play poker in the casinos and his interest is quite justified given his age. On the other hand since he is an Australian he would like to go a place where he can speak English is original tongue and could lead a similar English lifestyle in a place and hence there couldnt have been a better idea than Las Vegas (Rucker Galinsky, 2014). On the other hand the 51 year males ethnicity is Chinese and hence it is clear that why he has opted for Hong Kong. Since Hong Kong is almost neighboring to China it has similar culture, food and lifestyle which would help him and his family to stay within their culture even after coming to a holiday which stands to be the key reason why he has opted for China. On the other hand Chinese Culture is orthodox culture and being introvert helps to be in this culture. Finally the Woman is from Canada and in terms of nature she is a neutral lady but loves power and uniqueness which helps her to opt for Barossa Valley. Since she loves uniqueness she has opted for this wine testing tour which will give her self-satisfaction (Osbaldiston Schott, 2011). Hence it could be said that some of the important aspects which influence the decisions making of consumers are cost, income, ethnicity and uniqueness of the place and obviously the nature of the consumers. Behavior of the chosen respondents The behavior of the chosen respondents is very clear from their choices of purchasing tourism packages. Their behavior could be understood and personalities could be assessed. The first respondent is a 19 year young male who is per time worker and an undergraduate student. His income is not huge and is just $39000 P.A hence it is clear that he would be fun loving jovial guy looking for fun all the time which reflects on his choice of destination as Las Vegas and this establishes his personality as well. On the other hand the 51 year old man who is not an extrovert and is looking for a holiday which would allow his family to stay under their culture but also have fun within a stipulated budget and hence Hong Kong is a good idea. This choice made by him clearly shows that he is orthodox by nature and a serious personality. Lastly the lady of 43 years is well established highly educated has a PhD (Higgins Scholer, 2009). Degree and earns huge amount of money herself. She is also not an extrovert and hence wants to go for a holiday which will help her to spend time in peace and give her self-satisfaction which is provided by Barossa Valley. The wine testing and accommodation in 4 star hotels perfectly foils the tour and even though she doesnt have money problem her class and gravity has made this choice along with her husband who is ruling force in this case. This clearly indicates that she has a conservative personality and is looking for something with class and peace (Osbaldiston Schott, 2011). Marketing to young customers Companies catering to young clients similar to the one in this involved case who opted for Las Vegas should be very prudent as these kinds of clients have significant characteristics. Since these people are young and fun loving they normally dont have huge money but as they are extrovert and love to experience new and unique things they opt for places like Las Vegas hence it is important for the tour operators to keep these features in mind for young people and learn different aspects from one ro more purchases happening. This will help to learn from one transaction and implement it in the next which will help to advertise these kinds of packages only to young segments and gradually it will increase the profitability of the company (Higgins Scholer, 2009). Conclusion At the present moment the tourism industry is a very competitive industry globally and naturally consumers become highly confused about which place to go to or which place to or which tourism package to buy as there are numerous companies providing the same kind of packages, some at better price and some at better configuration and this clearly arises problems for consumers and in this scenario if companies are able to assess the key aspects that influence consumer behavior it will help companies to develop ideas and plans to utilise these information effectively in order to draw consumers towards the business and gain competitive advantage in the market (Miller, 2009). The present study has highlighted on the analysis done on the key aspects which influence consumer buying behavior which has helped to cover the different objectives of the study making it a success. References Morin, C. (2011). Neuromarketing: the new science of consumer behavior.Society,48(2), 131-135. MacInnis, D. J., Folkes, V. S. (2010). The disciplinary status of consumer behavior: A sociology of science perspective on key controversies.Journal of Consumer Research,36(6), 899-914. Goel, S., Hofman, J. M., Lahaie, S., Pennock, D. M., Watts, D. J. (2010). Predicting consumer behavior with Web search.Proceedings of the National academy of sciences,107(41), 17486-17490. De Mooij, M. (2010).Consumer Behavior and Culture: Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising: Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising. Sage. Foxall, G. R. (2010). Invitation to consumer behavior analysis.Journal of Organizational Behavior Management,30(2), 92-109. Miller, G. (2009).Spent: Sex, evolution, and consumer behavior. Penguin. De Mooij, M., Hofstede, G. (2011). Cross-cultural consumer behavior: A review of research findings.Journal of International Consumer Marketing,23(3-4), 181-192. Wyer Jr, R. S., Srull, T. K. (2014).Handbook of Social Cognition: Volume 2: Applications. Psychology Press. Kardes, F., Cronley, M., Cline, T. (2014).Consumer behavior. Cengage Learning. Rucker, D. D., Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Conspicuous consumption versus utilitarian ideals: How different levels of power shape consumer behavior.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(3), 549-555. Osbaldiston, R., Schott, J. P. (2011). Environmental sustainability and behavioral science: Meta-analysis of proenvironmental behavior experiments.Environment and Behavior, 0013916511402673. Higgins, E. T., Scholer, A. A. (2009). Engaging the consumer: The science and art of the value creation process.Journal of Consumer Psychology,19(2), 100-114.

Britain free essay sample

# 8217 ; s First Woman Doctor Essay, Research Paper Most historiographers could state you about Britain s first adult female physician, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. With her finding and bravery to dispute the medical profession she carved the manner for many adult females in the medical field. But what many historiographers don T know is the facts and narrative behind whom was really the truly first adult female physician of England. Dr. James Barry enjoyed a high repute as a skilled sawbones for over 50 old ages. The following extract from The Manchester Guardian in August of 1865 Tells of his achievements: Dr. Barry enjoyed a repute for considerable accomplishment in his profession, particularly for soundness, determination, and in celerity in hard operations. The gentleman entered the ground forces in 1813, passed through classs of helper sawbones and sawbones in assorted regiments. His professional achievements promoted him to the staff at the Cape. In 1840, he was promoted to medical inspector and transferred to Malta. We will write a custom essay sample on Britain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He proceeded from Malta to Corfu were he was quartered for many old ages He died at that place, and upon his decease was discovered to be a adult female. When an necropsy revealed that Barry was a adult female, the war section and the medical association was so abashed that they hid their findings and Dr. Barry was buried officially as a adult male. By order of the British War Office, non one London paper covered the intelligence of Dr. Barry s decease. It could hold been a major dirt. Who could conceive of that the ground forces s most distinguished sawboness with a rank equal to major general had been a adult female # 8211 ; and no 1 of all time discovered her individuality? Not a batch was known about the early life of this adult female until 1950, when writer Isabel Rae convinced the British War Office and the University of Edinburgh to allow her see their Barry Papers. It seems that Dr. Barry got her name from a adult male she called Uncle, James Barry, R.A. He was an Irish painter. This is where his nephew s instruction in anatomy likely began. When she became his nephew is non known, but James Barry believing adult females should be the well-instructed comrades and associates of work forces, did non care to educate the kid regardless of sex. After her uncle s decease in 1806, the miss had the privilege of sing Latin American nationalist General Miranda and David Stuart Erskine, the 11th earl of Buchan, both who were known to hold the best private libraries in London. With the aid of Lord Buchan, James Barry had no problem acquiring admitted into the Edinburgh Medical School at the age of 15. This was the same school Sophia Jex Blake tried so urgently to derive entryway to in 1869. If merely she had been a adult male! As a new physician, Dr. Barry went to London, where she was a junior sawbones s learner. Within 6 months she completed her surveies and passed an scrutiny by the College of Surgeons of London. P > In 1813 Dr. Barry passed the Army Medical Board Exam. The inquiry there is how she passed the physical test every bit good. Once in the ground forces, Dr. Barry survived a cholera epidemic and performed a Cesarean section-only the second of its sort where the female parent and child both survived. After being appointed colonial medical inspector in 1821, she was really disquieted about the inhumane intervention of the inmates at the Leper s Institute on Hobb s Island. She drew up a set of Rules of the General Treatment of Lepers. In these regulations she stated: Good order must be preserved, but no inhuman treatment nor want of nutrient must be resorted to. The parties must be considered non as inmates but as unfortunates The School and Church should be encouraged every bit good every bit Industry every bit much as possible. She made as many enemies as she did friends in her calling, but ever did every bit much as she could to better medical patterns wherever she went. In 1845, the Yellow Fever got the best of her and she had to take a twelvemonth s ill leave. After her recovery the ground forces sent her to Malta, where she served for 10 old ages. Dr. Barry became inspector general of infirmaries in Canada in 1857. She accomplished a batch in the two old ages she was at that place. She got the soldiers eating right, improved the H2O and drainage systems and put up the first quarters particularly for married soldiers and their married womans. Dr. Barry was stricken with grippe and sent place to England. Against her will she was forced to retire at half-pay after the medical board declared her to be physically unfit for responsibility. Dr. Barry died on July 25, 1865. She was 70 old ages old. Her secret would hold been unbroken if her wants had carried out. She wanted her cadaver to be sewn in a poke and instantly buried. Alternatively a adult female was called to fix her organic structure and discovered her true sex. The staff sawbones confirmed this but did non set it in his study. The secret of Dr. Barry went with her to her grave. But her repute lived on. Colonel N.J.C. Rutherford stated in the May 1951 issue of the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps: Whoever was James Barry, she has the differentiation of being first- THE FIRST WOMAN DOCTOR of the British Isles. Second, on who has carried out a long calling in the British Army, exposing professional properties of the highest order, functioning her state in all climes with differentiation and she preferred to make so by the lone manner available in her life-time, by presuming the outward furnishings of the male sex, all the more recognition to her bravery and doggedness. A fantastic public presentation One has to inquire how life would hold been like had Dr. Barry been discovered. The class of adult females history could hold changed drastically. Dr Barry proved that leting adult females to be educated in the field of medical specialty was non a disadvantage, but in fact, a privilege so.

Line Item Veto and Why Presidents Still Cannot Do It

Line Item Veto and Why Presidents Still Cannot Do It In the United States government, the line-item veto is the right of the chief executive to nullify or cancel individual provisions bills- usually budget appropriations bills- without vetoing the entire bill. Like regular vetoes, line-item vetoes are usually subject to the possibility of being overridden by the legislative body. While many state governors have line-item veto power, the President of the United States does not. The line item veto is exactly what you might do when your grocery tab runs to $20.00, but you only have $15.00 on you. Instead of adding to your total debt by paying with a credit card, you put back $5.00 worth of items you don’t really need. The line item veto - the power to not buy unneeded items - is a power U.S. presidents have long wanted but have just as long been denied. The line-item veto, sometimes called the partial veto, is a type of veto that would give the President of the United States the power to cancel an individual provision or provisions - line-items - in spending, or appropriations bills, without vetoing the entire bill. Like traditional presidential vetoes, a line-item veto could be overridden by Congress. Line Item Veto Pros and Cons Proponents of the line-item veto argue that it would allow the president to cut wasteful pork barrel or earmark spending from the federal budget.Opponents argue that it would continue a trend of increasing the power of the executive branch of government at the expense of the legislative branch. Opponents also argue, and the Supreme Court has agreed, that the line-item veto is unconstitutional. In addition, they say it would not reduce wasteful spending and could even make it worse. History of the Line-Item Veto Virtually every president since Ulysses S. Grant has asked Congress for line-veto power. President Clinton actually got but did not keep it long.On April 9, 1996, former President Bill Clinton signed the 1996 Line Item Veto Act, which had been championed through Congress by Senators Bob Dole (R-Kansas), and John McCain (R-Arizona), with the support of several Democrats. On August 11, 1997, President Clinton used the line-item veto for the first time to cut three measures from an expansive spending and taxation bill. At the bills signing ceremony, Clinton declared the selective veto a cost-cutting breakthrough and a victory over Washington lobbyists and special interest groups. From now on, presidents will be able to say no to wasteful spending or tax loopholes, even as they say yes to vital legislation, said President Clinton. But, from now on wasnt for long at all. Clinton used the line-item veto two more times in 1997, cutting one measure from the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and two provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. Almost immediately, groups aggrieved by the action, including the City of New York, challenged the line-item veto law in court. On February 12, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia declared the 1996 Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional, and the Clinton administration appealed the decision to the Supreme Court. In a 6-3 ruling issued on June 25, 1998, the Supreme Court, in the case of Clinton v. City of New York upheld the District Courts decision, overturning the 1996 Line Item Veto Act as a violation of the Presentment Clause, (Article I, Section 7), of the U.S. Constitution. By the time the Supreme Court took the power away from him, President Clinton has used the line-item veto to cut 82 items from 11 spending bills. While Congress overrode 38 of Clintons line-item vetoes, the Congressional Budget Office estimated the 44 line-item vetoes that stood saved the government almost $2 billion. Why is the Line-Item Veto Unconstitutional? The Constitutions Presentment Clause cited by the Supreme Court spells out the basic legislative process by declaring that any bill, before being presented to the president for his or her signature, must have been passed by both the Senate and the House. In using the line-item veto to delete individual measures, the president is actually amending bills, a legislative power granted exclusively to Congress by the Constitution. In the courts majority opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote: there is no provision in the Constitution that authorizes the president to enact, to amend or to repeal statutes. The court also held that the line-item veto violated the principles of the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the federal government. In his concurring opinion, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote that the undeniable effects of the line-item veto were to enhance the Presidents power to reward one group and punish another, to help one set of taxpayers and hurt another, to favor one State and ignore another. Congressmen and Senators Object to Line-Item Veto Historically, most members of the U.S. Congress have opposed a constitutional amendment granting the president a permanent line-item veto. Lawmakers rightfully fear the power would enable the president to veto their earmark or â€Å"pork barrel† projects they have traditionally added to the appropriations bills of the annual federal budget. In this manner, the president could use the line-item veto to punish members of Congress who have opposed his or her policy, thus bypassing the separation of powers between the Executive and Legislative branches of the federal government.

Media, ritual and contemporary public cultures Essay

Media, ritual and contemporary public cultures - Essay Example In this process, the media became an important tool for communication, sharing information and influencing people (Garnham, 2000). Therefore, in Europe and the western world, the media become dominant and important whilst religion and the role of the European church waned (Viault, 2013). This paper examines the concept religious rituals as it is presented in Durkheim’s analysis and how this gives an explanation to the social significance of contemporary media. In order to attain this end, the following objectives are explored: The paper will begin by evaluating and analysing what rituals are and why they exist. This will be done by assessing and evaluating the processes and views presented by Durkheim in his attempt to philosophise and conceptualise religion in the context of rituals. This will be expanded and extended to cover various aspects and processes of interaction and social significance in order to provide answers to the fundamental questions and concepts. The research will therefore proceed to compare rituals and the media and how the media plays a role in presenting different views and ideologies about people in the society. This will help to provide a background for juxtaposition and contemporary analysis of religion and rituals in order to provide important commonalities and discussions. Religion in Europe was mainly based on the Church with its core nucleus in Vatican (Viault, 2013). This had its root and origins steeped in the ancient elements of the Roman Empire and the Catholic Church. However, after the Protestant Reformation and the Age of Enlightenment, European citizens began to make demands for fairer and just methods of promoting justice, liberty and equality. This is mainly steeped in the French and American Revolutions that challenged the traditional system that was based on spirituality and religion (Brennan, 2010). Emile Durkheim emerged as a philosopher at the turn of the 20th Century and he sought to

Should animal be used for scientific experiment Research Paper

Should animal be used for scientific experiment - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, to describe tortures of animals in laboratories is rather complicated; it is much easier just to imagine it. Experiments on non-human creatures started long time ago and were notable among many famous scientists. However, lately a query about rightness of such tests has aroused considerably. Dispute on the efficiency and appropriateness of animal experiments continues to stay rather controversial. There are a large number of different organizations such as â€Å"The International Association against Painful Experiments on Animals†, â€Å"The Human Society of the United States† or â€Å"British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection†, which propagandize refusal of any tests on animals and condemn those companies that do not go along with them. In the list of the firms that still haunt rats, mice, rabbits, cats, monkeys and other creatures for trying out their output you can find so world-known brands as Dove, Sunsilk, Rexona, Timotei, Axe, Speed Stic k, Colgate, Max Factor, Pantene, Braun, Ariel, L'Oreal Paris, Lancome, Maybelline, Vichy, Givenchy, Kenzo, Кleenex et cetera. There is the biggest laboratory in Europe named  «Huntingdon Life Sciences » that specializes on testing chemicals. Every year millions of innocent and harmless animals die for the sake of scientific research. It is quite understandable if people use animals to create medicine from AIDS or cancer, for example. Then you can easily say that these scientists serve for saving people from dreadful diseases and deaths. But when poor animals are tormented by painful effects of cosmetics testers then a question about reasonability of the mentioned deeds becomes sharp extremely. Animals are compelled to sacrifice themselves loosing their lives and stipulations of normal existence for making people satisfied with a new detergent or night cream, for instance. In this respect, there are several aspects and arguments that support the idea of animal experiments proh ibition. They are the following: Killing animals for experimentations is ethically wrong, because it displays cruelty and callousness of human nature; Animals have their rights that should be respected and protected by people; Carried out researches often do not give required results, that is why they do not worth all expenses and losses. Therefore the main goal of humanity is to decide whether it is more relevant to continue experimentation or fight against it. The solution of that problem can be considered essential, because it refers to the lives of not only people but non-human animals also. According to Monamy (2009), today every student and researcher involved in animal experimentation should consider a number of ethical questions (Monamy, 2009, p.37). A man is the most powerful entity on the planet. That is why his major task is protection of plants and animals that are not able to take care of themselves for saving and passing on this world to the future generations. However , making experiments on helpless animals, people cut, burn, and drown their bodies, feed them with chemicals and drugs that influence on health and comfort dangerously. Moreover, to be able to observe animal’s reaction often researchers damage skin of the creature deliberately and lubricate it with experimental substance, or treat animal’s eyes with a new drops that in the result causes blindness of the poor animal. Sometimes for testing

Investment Analysis and Strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Investment Analysis and Strategy - Term Paper Example Modern Portfolio theory elaborately discusses the relationship between the risk and the return. (Lintner, 1965; Brealey and Myers, 2003) Goldman Sachs, one of the largest banks, is the firm, which will be studied in this paper. Before calculating the rate of return that is expected on the investment in the shares of this company employing CAPM, it is required to briefly discuss this model for the betterment of the understanding. Whether an individual will be interested in investing his money in the shares of a particular firm depends on the exposure of the firm to the market risks as well as those risks, which are mainly specific to this firm. Now portfolio theory suggests that instead of making investment in one particular share, it would be wiser for an individual to invest in a diversified portfolio. An appropriate diversification reduces total level of risks. (Brealey and Myers, 2003; Markowitz, 1991; Bernstein, 2001) To estimate expected return on an investment in a particular stock, Capital Asset Pricing Model is used. This model specifies a formula, which is generally applied by the firms to determine market return on the shares of that firm. CAPM takes into account only those risks, which are non-diversifiable. These risks are commonly known as systematic or market risk and they are often expressed by the term beta (ÃŽ ²). (Markowitz, 1991; Bernstein, 2001; Tobin, 1958 ) E(Ri) = Rf + ÃŽ ² (E(RM) - Rf); where E(Ri) is expected return on the ith capital asset, Rf is the return on the risk free asset, ÃŽ ² represents sensitivity of the return on the stock to the market return, and E(RM) stands for the expected return on the market portfolio. (Markowitz, 1991; Bernstein, 2001) Before moving into further analysis it is necessary to understand what risk free and risky assets stand for. The classification of assets, particularly of financial

Research Methodology on Employee Satisfaction

Research Methodology on Employee Satisfaction Employee satisfaction is a concept gauging how content the workforce is with their work and the workplaces environment. Hence Employee Dissatisfaction occurs when the workforce becomes unhappy with these aspects of their job, which can lead to negative impacts in the business, such as decreased motivation and declines in productivity, as well as increased labor turnover common problems that occur in most businesses, regardless if theyre small entrepreneurships or large corporations. We have selected to study specific events in HPs corporate history; specifically: the reduction of wage rates, multiple employee redundancies, sexual harassment and MAs (Mergers and Acquisitions). Dividing these issues up into four separate reports, we have attempted to analyze the correlations between HPs different corporate issues and their relation to employee dissatisfaction, by using external sources of information (such as news articles based on the relevant issue and applicable Human Resource theories) and knowledge to support our findings. After analyzing these issues, we will conclude our findings into a summarized statement evaluating employee dissatisfaction present in HP. We will then present collective solutions that can be implemented to help alleviate HP of similar problems if they should ever show up in the future once again. Analysis/Discussion In order to evaluate each problem, the implications of each issue on HP must be discussed in detail. Across-the-board pay cuts and salary adjustments that incensed employees in 2009 We dont know what were going to do. We dont know, the man told NBCDFW, as tears streamed from his eyes. (Mackilwain, 2009) HP chairman and CEO Mark Hurd announced that they would reduce base pay and some benefits across the company in the wake of disappointing earnings. As for the fiscal first quarter 2009 results, HPs earnings were $1.9 billion, or $0.75 earnings per share, down from $2.1 billion, or $0.80 earnings per share compared to the same period last year. Starting with a reduction in his own salary by 20%, followed by senior executives who would take a drop between ten and fifteen percent, regular employees 5 percent and exempt employees 2.5 percent. All this in reaction to a 13.5 percent fall in the companys first quarter profit. (Dubie, 2009) Why did HP executives make this salary adjustment while they all know this would incense employees? Before answering this question, there are some basic facts one should consider. The recent recession of our decade has resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, and unemployment reached 9.2% by the end of 2009. The average salary of HP is about $62,000 (before salary adjustment), which is higher than that of others such as Dell, Apple and Cisco. These factors enforced employees continuance commitment, which encouraged them to stay with HP based on the perceived costs of leaving the organization. Another factor that could relieve employees dissatisfaction is the broadness and equity of the salary adjustment. Since the salary-cutting was due to the unexpected decrease in net profit, hence, as long as the procedure of salary adjustment was made fairly and objectively, and in accord with employees perception as much as possible, employees might not be dissatisfied when they compare themselves with co-workers inside HP (Self-Inside Comparison). HPs such across-broad cut is basically a result of Profit-Sharing Plans in which the employer shares profits with employees based on a predetermined formula. Similarly, an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) is another adoptable option to associate companys profit with salary, and give employees a sense of ownership through ESOP. The next solution is to develop a flexible benefit package to allow each employee to put together a benefits package individually tailored to his or her own needs and situation. Moreover, another way to adjust pay structure is to use bonus. Unlike Profit-Sharing Plan, bonus reward employees for recent performance rather than historical performance. Which one is the best for salary adjustment? As mentioned before, the world was still digging itself out of economic collapse in 2009, price-earning to ratio had yet to drop as low as previous recession, therefore the ESOP is less attractive since people were recognizing the reality of the weak performance during slumping economic. Hence, I would recommend a combined salary adjustment includes bonus and benefit package. Based on the diversity of cultures, values, ages, personalities and personal situations, HP should design various benefit packages to fit into employees needs. There are three types of benefits plans: modular plans, core-plus plans, and flexible spending accounts. In order to make benefits plans fit into employees need, managers should particularly communicate with employees from different regions, age-ranges, and departments to acquire what employees need most according to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory. As for bonus, managers need to set a base pay; this new base pay should be lower than prior one. Bonuses are designed to award recent performance rather historical performance, and only applied to individuals. Moreover, the process of awarding must entails balancing internal equity and external equity. Allegations of sexual harassment and improper business conduct that exhibited a profound lack of judgment by top executives Be it an entry level employee or for that matter the CEO, violation of business conduct policies can lead to serious consequences. The recent HP sexual harassment scandal serves a perfect demonstration. Mark Hurd who had served as HPs CEO for the last five years resigned at the Boards request after an investigation concluding inappropriate behaviour that had violated HPs behavioural standards. While HP did not find any facts that supported the sexual harassment complaint in general, they revealed that the Board would not tolerate any business misconduct. For HP, what began as an investigation in response sexual harassment complaint by a contractor ended with the companys CEO resigning from his post. Sexual harassment is a crippling reality in the work place the effects of which ravage not only the victim and the alleged harasser, but the fellow employees and the organisation as a whole. The direct impacts of this scandal were seen through the drastic drop in share value of 8% immediately after Hurd resigned. Yet what surfaces as an important issue is the response of the HP employees to this situation. In response to Hurds resignation many employees revealed happiness over him leaving the company making statements like the tyrant is gone or Mark Turd. (Golijan, 2010) What do such allegations draw out? These allegations prove that the HP employees have been dissatisfied in long and an event like this only triggers their emotions to be revealed. In the first place, any event of such a controversy threatens employee in the workplace. As the Maslows hierarchy of needs suggest an individuals elementary needs includes safety and security at work. Witnessing such an improper business conduct by the top executive himself certainly affects employees within all levels of the workforce. The employees would then begin viewing their peers and superiors with disbelief. Such misunderstanding and lack of trust has a great impact on the formation of long term relationships at work. Furthermore, such controversies lead to people feeling uncomfortable from associating themselves with the organisation. As Tim Bajarin of Creative Strategies Inc. noted: The scandals do impact peoples impression on the company,. A reduced company morale not only means the possibility of a high labour turnover but also the difficulty that HP would face in attracting good quality employees. A second impact that this scandal had was the emergence of a new leader for HP. Hurd is now replaced with Leo Apethekar. For HP employees who had already faced a rough time, change in leadership brings forth another new challenge, for a change in leadership also means a change in the overall organisational culture. In response to the tarnished companys image, employees get disconnected from the top management leading to the creation of a them and us culture in the workplace. An essential role for the new leader is therefore to regain the trust which could be facilitated by adopting a more Charismatic leadership style and the same time enforcing ethical conduct. What lead to Mark Hurd Scandal being so detrimental, was that he did not himself comply to the business standards that he created Further, hypocrisy is one of the most destructive elements in an organisation. It is important for executives to set the tone of behaviour before they expect the same from their employees. The Hp sexual harassment scandal is therefore an important lesson that reflects upon the significance of the conduct of leaders. The profound impact that this scandal has had on the employee level of dissatisfaction leading to a possible feeling of insecurity in the workplace is an important issue to consider. What happened in the case if Mark Hurd, has been principally attributed to not defining the behavioural standards appropriately. We believe that apart from only setting quantitative clauses, it is important to define moral clauses in the conduct as well. Lastly the most important lesson to learn from this scandal is that if an organisation aspires to achieve maximum productivity from its employees they must make them feel comfortable in the workplace. At all times employees must be assured that they will be heard to. Setting up an effective system to address employee grievances is probably the best solution to handling immediate problems and help them from blowing up to create a major controversy/scandal for the organisation. Enormous layoffs, e.g., 15,000 in 2002, 14,000 in 2005, 24,000 in 2008, and most recently (in June, 2010) 9,000. HP is facing a major problem involving layoffs. Due to several reasons, HP has laid off over fifty thousand employees in the last 8 years. For example, most recently, HP laid off nine thousand employees in order to consolidate data centres at an expected cost of $1 billion. (Sherman, 2010) These reoccurring layoffs trouble employees in many ways but the main aspect that should be taken into account is the effect this will have on employee dissatisfaction. Employee dissatisfaction can instigate severe ramifications for the company because how the employees work affects how well the company does in terms of success. Job security is something that the average employee cherishes. When an employees job is secure, there is a feeling of safety and this usually leads to more confidence and higher productivity. But in this case, job security is not something that the employees hold. Due to the multiple layoffs that occur in such short time periods, employees would feel that their jobs are not safe at all. How does this effect motivation? Maslows Hierarchy of Needs can be applied to this situation. Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs with the levels: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization. His theory was when one stage of the hierarchy was complete and fulfilled by the employee; the next need on the hierarchy becomes dominant. So when this motivational theory is applied to the situation at hand, it is clear that the employees cannot pass the safety needs stage in the hierarchy. They are striving to achieve job security but cannot due to the consistent layoffs. So therefore, accor ding to the theory, employees cannot go on to satisfy social, esteem and self-actualization needs and this slows down progress in the company. This situation also fits into the motivation-hygiene theory. This theory relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Job security is the issue here and it is an extrinsic factor, and therefore, dissatisfies employees. The hygiene factors are not being taken care of by HP. This obviously hinders performance of the employees. How can HP resolve some of the employee dissatisfaction problems that they have? One solution is that they can try and find another way to cut costs, other than making employees redundant time and time again. They could reduce wages of employees, or cut salaries from higher managers, but it can be argued that this will also lead to an increased level of employee dissatisfaction, depending on how the employees are motivated. However, if HP find it essential and most efficient to lay off employees to cut or cover costs, then the company can keep current employees motivated by making the work environment more relaxed. This could help calm down the employees and reduce dissatisfaction (another motivation-hygiene theory concept). This will not necessarily motivate employees, but it will reduce dissatisfaction. Also, in order to prevent further dissatisfaction, HP could cut down on other possible extrinsic factors that cause dissatisfaction. For example, supervisors could start acting friendlier towards employees or any form of strict supervision and punishment can be abandoned. The continuous layoffs create a resistance to change in employees as many aspects of the company changes when massive layoffs occur. To overcome the resistance to change, HP could help employees find logic in why these massive layoffs have occurred. Employees will still have security issues, but once they have all the reasons for change and there is no ambiguity, the environment would be more relaxed and any unnerving rumours floating around in the grapevine would be abolished. This could reduce dissatisfaction of the employees slightly. A risky merger (with Compaq) that would create a bloated, vulnerable company anchored on the manufacture of commodity products at little or no profit. Business mergers occur when two firms combine together to form a new firm. Many reasons are associated with mergers the most common ones including potential Economies of Scale, increased market share, and so on. But what is less regarded by higher management levels in organizations is the impact on mergers on the overall workforce, and the deteriorating affects a merger can have on remaining labour. This report will address the human resource issues emerging from the merger of Compaq with Hewlett Packard (HP). There are multiple causes for negativity in the workforce after an MA, some including increased centralization in the organizations structure and loss of organizational culture. Centralization occurs when decision-making power is centered at one point in the company normally towards the higher levels of hierarchy (senior managers). This cuts off communication to lower levels of the organization, which can decrease the amount of communication flowing through the chain of command in the business and hence contribute to increased uncertainty in the workforce (Kusstatscher,2005 ). After this, once a merger takes place there tends to be a loss of previously accepted culture from the prior-merged firm. Employees who identified more so with the businesss previous culture will likely become more isolated and secluded upon the merger where there can be a new culture imposed on them due to the presence of another business. This can trigger a loss of identity for employees, which may alter their perception of the business that they work in, and will likely also increase the amount of uncertainty that they experience within the merged business. Another major effect of an uncoordinated merger includes employee stress, contributed by concerns of job security due to potential layoffs after the merger. These redundancies occur because merging companies do not wish to duplicate job roles; hence by making specific job roles redundant they can rationalize costs and utilize the minimal amount of workers required in each department. This was the case between the merger of HP and Compaq which reported a job cut of approximately 15000 (Foo and Menon,2001) people, triggering increased stress levels amongst staff as to whether they would retain their job in the merger process or not. Employee stress thus tends to lower overall moral and decrease productivity in the long run due to frustration over job security, as one employee expressed from HPs Singapore branch: either way, were done for iii( Foo Menon,2001) In conclusion, employees will find it increasingly difficult to cope from the many challenges involved with a merger: due to emotional stress from feelings of fear and anxiety for job security, to loss of corporate identity due to a change of organizational culture. This could contribute to increased employee dissatisfaction with the business to those who remain in the workforce, due to negative emotions and lack of support from the business. Thus in the future, HP must address such concerns by implementing policies to help employees cope with such emotions. This could include increased communication from managers if employees were kept in constant communication with managers about changes in the overall business and were aware of re-structuring issues and redundancy potentiality, then this would reduce the impact when redundancies are issued as employees whove known about the possibility of a lay off prior would have better mental preparation. Another suggestion could include adapting the merger and acquisition process so that cultures are able to integrate more effectively increased dialogue in the form of conferences or workshops between the two merging companies would help to improve communication and overall exposure between the different business cultures to make the integration of the two companies smoother. This could help motivate employees to corporate with each other more willingly and stimulate an increased sense of new culture that benefits both previously separate companies. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion In conclusion, it is very much clear through these examples that employees are very dissatisfied with the way HP is operating. HP operations are disgruntling the employees and this is possibly hindering their performance, and therefore, halting progress for the entire company. Whether it is through salary adjustments, unnecessary ill treatment of employees, colossal number of employee layoffs, or massive overall change through mergers and acquisitions, HPs way of running things is displeasing the employees. Recommendations HP must find solutions to satisfy their employees more sufficiently. Dissatisfaction levels must be reduced in order to see some progress in the company. The first solution is a simple, but effective one: HP should make the work environment friendlier and more relaxed in order to gain some employee confidence. Currently, it does not appear that HP is very friendly with their employees due to the several issues discussed above, however if HP were to treat their employees better, and make the work environment more relaxed, then the employees dissatisfaction level would decrease. Another recommendation to HP would be that they should manage change amongst employees more effectively. If you look at the merger, the pay cuts, and the enormous layoffs, these are rather big changes to the company. If HP could manage this change in a more effective manner, then employees would not be as dissatisfied. HP should first and foremost warn employees of upcoming change to abolish any nervousness and ambiguity. The facts should be laid out and employees need to be made to understand them. Also, to avoid further dissatisfaction, the changes must be applied fairly, and not with any prejudice or any other sort of unfair actions. A form of manipulation could also be adapted by the company. Manipulation is not the most ethical of methods to lower dissatisfaction, but in the end, it does lower dissatisfaction. Manipulation involves twisting facts to make the situation at hand seem more attractive. False rumors are usually spread and eventually, employees accept the change and th is lower dissatisfaction.

Defining Good Advice :: Definition Essays

Defining Good Advice What is good advice? As Rosymar stated, "Good advice is general, specific, and a helpful idea that could transmit confidence and security, usually, we get it from someone we trust." Good advice, to me, is some help in life that comes from a person that the advisee trusts. Advice is good when it is given thoughtfully to a person. It has to be from the heart, not just said for the sake of being said. Generally, good advice has to come from experience. I can't tell a friend that I understand a situation if I have never experienced it myself. Although, the advisor won't know everything about anything, with the advisors' experience, reliable advice should be given. I have found and observed that the best advice is given from someone that knows what it feels like to be in the same position. Otherwise, the advisor is just guessing as to what the right way to solve the problem. How does good advice work? Good advice is only found useful if it relates to the situation. Take road signs for example. A "watch for moose" sign wouldn't be placed in the middle of Los Angles. It is not right because (I am assuming) there aren't enough moose in Los Angles that people need to be careful while driving. The advice may be used later on in life, though, just as long as it applies. It also works when it is not forced on the advisee. The final result from the pressure is the advisee feeling rotten for the way he/she handled the situation. The only way the advisee will learn from the experience is if he/she decides which part if any to be used them selves. Advice doesn't work if it is not truthful. The advisee would not be asking the advisor for advice if a truthful, helpful, and understanding response wasn't expected. If the advisee respects the advisor enough to ask for help, the advisor should respect the advisee enough to give honest advice. I agree with the notion that good advice and good writing are connected. Language can be written or spoken, so I think that it is language and good advice that are connected. The language influences the way that a person interprets the message. If the advice is truthful and doesn't 'beat around the bush' it is more effective.

In Cold Blood Literary Analysis Essay

In Cold Blood, written by Truman Capote, is a book that encloses the true story of a family, the Clutters, whose lives were brutally ended by the barrel of a 12-gauge shotgun. The killers were 2 men, each with 2 different backgrounds and personalities, each with his own reasons to take part in such a harrowing deed. Capote illustrates the events leading up to the murder in sharp detail and describes its aftermath with such a perspective that one feels that he is right there with the culprits, whose names are Dick Hickock and Perry Smith. They had very critical roles in the murder and how they themselves were caught, and in many ways they were foils for one another. Through Capote’s extensive descriptions of Dick and Perry, and his use of dialogue, imagery, and point-of-view, he makes their individual roles in the story evident and makes clear the fact that they counterbalance each other, with their opposite personalities playing major parts in the Clutter murder case. Dick and Perry’s upbringings were vastly contrasting, and their effects were evident as the men grew and developed. Capote illustrates Perry’s childhood with explicit detail and does not hold back. Perry’s upbringing was marred with violence, tragedy, and misdirection. His mother and father were divorced, and constantly had issues with each other. His mother became an alcoholic, and eventually died upon choking on her own vomit(106). He lived in, by all means, a broken home. His entire family, save for one sister, had suffered in some sort of way. Perry gives the gist of his family’s status with saying, â€Å"Jimmy a suicide. Fern out the window. My mother dead. Been dead eight years. Everybody gone but dad and Barbara. ‘† (Capote 134). Perry’s sister Fern had fallen out of a hotel window to her Khan 2 death, with police finding a bottle of alcohol in her possession. Perry’s other brother shot himself, and Perry’s father walked out of his children’s lives when they were all quite young. Not long after that, Perry was put in an orphanage run by nuns. They would whip him constantly for wetting his bed (Capote 93), which was due to Perry having a weak liver (Capote 210). Because of his experience in the orphanage, Perry gave up on God and religion. When he was still a teenager, he joined the US Army and fought in the Korean War. After he came home, he got into a grisly motorcycle accident, mangling both his legs and stunting his growth. When he recovered, he went to go work with his father up in Alaska, which, after several years, ended in an argument from a biscuit, Perry’s father aiming a gun at him, and all of Perry’s possessions being thrown out of the house. So Perry decided to leave. â€Å"I picked up my guitar and started on down the highway† (136). Through all of his early life, it is evident that Perry had to deal with terrible tragedies, a lack of parenthood, and the fact that he never truly had a true home. He never fully learned compassion, mercy, respect, or the value of human life. None of these values were ever shown to him, nor was he ever required to show them to anyone, and in addition, it made him resent many people in his life. As Dr. Jones, a psychiatrist who studied Perry, concluded: â€Å"His childhood,†¦. was marked by brutality and lack of concern on the part of both parents. He seems to have grown up without direction, without love, and without ever having absorbed any fixed sense of moral values†(297) Perry’s upbringing played a major role in carrying out the murder of the Clutter family, and contrasted sharply with Dick’s early life. Dick Hickock’s upbringing was more structured and fortunate, the opposite of Perry’s. His parents had been there to support him, and he did well in school. When asked about his son’s school life, his father responded by exclaiming,†Basketball! Baseball! Football! Dick was always the star player. A pretty good student, too, with A marks in several subjects† (Capote 158). Dick had a fruitful education, and was even offered a scholarship, to which Dick simply says, â€Å"†¦ but I never attended any of them† (Capote 278). After high school, Dick took several small-time jobs, including working at a Khan 3 motor company, â€Å"when I [Dick] had an automobile wreck with a company car. I was in the hospital several days with extensive head injuries† (Capote 278). The car accident caused his face to be slightly maligned, and, as concluded by Dr. Jones, caused residual brain damage and instability in his personality (Capote 286). Dick’s father also confirmed that Dick had changed after the crash, expressing that â€Å"He just wasn’t the same boy† (Capote 255). After experiencing the crash, many parts of Dick’s life began to go downhill. His marital life twisted woefully, and when all was said and done, he had gone through 2 marriages. He did not have a steady job anymore, and he began to commit petty crimes, such as writing bad checks and stealing. The latter resulted in him being in jail, where he had met Perry, who was behind bars for burglary as well, among other charges. Dick and Perry had both agreed to kill the Clutters, however when the time came, Dick showed signs of doubt and lingered, while Perry had almost no hesitation. This seems to point back to each man’s past, where Perry, who had a rougher childhood, did not seem to think twice about killing the family. His scarred adolescence points to a more cold-hearted, bitter, and lonely person, while Dick’s more favorable youth showed signs of mercy and conscience. Perry and Dick’s relations with other people shaped their own respective character and personalities, including their tendencies towards other people. Dick is a self-assured, commanding and charismatic person who seems to think of himself as quite masculine. He’s had a few girlfriends, and more than one wife as well (Capote 277 – 279). He was a distinct athlete in high school, and was by no means anti-social. He is a very smooth-talker, and does not have any trouble using people to his advantage (Capote 97). His ease with people as well as the large amount of people he had befriended made him more sympathetic towards the Clutters, and, if anything, made him more understanding towards other people. Perry, to contrast, did not have the self-assurance or confidence Dick had. Since he was a child, he essentially had no one, as his family was essentially gone, and he moved from place to place. He had been abused by the nuns as a child (Capote 25), had essentially no friends throughout Khan 4 his short time at school, and was bullied often, in which cases he references the â€Å"Big Yellow Bird† carrying him away form his oppressors (Capote 265). Perry himself once expressed, â€Å"My friends are few; those who really know me fewer still† (Capote 225). He has relations with a small amount of people, and among the people who he’s ever interacted with, Perry has ended up resenting a great many of them. With so much dislike for such a large number of people, Perry has a distinctly negative view of people and society in general. This leads to him essentially having no mercy for the Clutters, rather treating it like it had to be done, and that there was nothing he could do about the murders. Additionally, Perry had been a lonesome individual for most of his life, so as he travels with Dick, he becomes quite attached to him, even after their relationship sours a bit. This seems to point itself out when Perry mentions, in a potential escape plan, â€Å"What about Hickock? All preparations must include him† (Capote 265). If Perry was planning to escape, adding another individual to worry about and the risk of getting caught is much higher. Yet Perry is too attached to simply let Dick go, but Dick in on another floor regretting that he didn’t kill Perry when he had the chance. Both Dick and Perry’s relationships with other people reflect in their personalities and attitudes towards contemporary society. Perry’s passive, dainty nature and Dick’s reckless, aggressive, asserting nature serve to offset each other’s behavior to an extent. Perry does not try to assert himself, but rather conforms to what other people, who he deems ‘larger’ than him, tell him. He is the one to worry about everything, as shown when he is concerned about wearing stockings so that no one will recognize them (Capote 37), if a torn glove is a bad omen (Capote 65), and in addition to the countless times afterward that he’d talked about the authorities tracing the crime back to them, that somehow they did have a witness (Capote 109). Dick is the more daring individual. He frequently acts upon a notion and carefully considers the consequences AFTER the deed has been done. He does tend to be reckless sometimes, as he became when he was writing bad checks, and used his real name in the same city he committed the murder of the Clutters in (Capote 213). With Dick nudging Perry on in whatever scheme they were Khan 5 plotting, and with Perry holding Dick back and thinking it through, they seemed to get both a bold plan along with attention to detail. In the book, Capote gracefully shows how Perry’s actions and tendencies function and respond with Dick’s personality and habits, making it clear that they are foils for one another. Works Cited Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1993. Print.

Disney Princess

Maegan Cherry Dr. Walker Composition I 15 November 2012 The Princess and the Frog Princess Diana once said, â€Å"Being a princess is not all it is cracked up to be. † This is a true statement in some insistences such as Disney’s 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. The film is based in the 1920’s in New Orleans, Louisiana. The 1920’s was a time period of segregation, and it was not uncommon to see a black person working in a white family’s home. Southern states were more segregated than others, so the film being in Louisiana plays a very important role.Most black people were not as wealthy as white people; therefore they did not have the luxuries of the families they worked for. They tended to live in small houses, and they had to take the train or walk for transportation. Tiana’s family was no different than any other 1920’s African American family. Tiana’s mother, Eudora, worked as a seamstress and a caretaker for â€Å"Big Daddy’s† daughter, Lottie. â€Å"Big Daddy† is a wealthy white man who spoils his daughter, and gives her everything she wants. Eudora took Tiana with her to work where she became friends with Lottie.Lottie grew up with fairy tales, and wanted her life to be nothing short of one. Tiana, on the other hand, did not believe in fairy tales. She believed hard work would get you where you need to be. Tiana had a dream of owning her own restaurant, but she faces many challenges that keep her from achieving her dream. Many people believe that Disney has focused too much on race and the time period, rather than making Tiana a princess. Moon Charania and Wendy Simonds wrote an article titled â€Å"The Princess and the Frog† explaining the different stereotypes presented in the film.Ajay Gehlawat also wrote an article titled â€Å"The Strange Case of The Princess and the Frog: Passing and the Elision of Race† explaining the stereotyping of the races in the fil m. I think Disney did a great job of relating the time period to the characters. The film may have been stereotypical, but it was relevant to the setting. To make the film less controversial I think Disney could have made Tiana a princess in a different time period, so there would not be any stereotyping of the characters. The biggest stereotyping was between the white family and the black family.Being Caucasian in the 1920’s meant you lived a very fortunate life, and you did not experience the hardships that other races may have faced. In The Princess and the Frog, â€Å"Big Daddy† was a typical wealthy Southern man, who gave his daughter, Lottie, anything she wanted. Lottie was portrayed in the film as a spoiled girl. She wanted to marry her prince charming, and live happily ever after. Just like in the fairy tales she grew up with. Charania and Simonds stated, â€Å"Lottie, on the other hand, is a caricature of conventional Disney princesses† (page 70).I agre e that Lottie is portrayed as a typical princess, and I can see how people would think Disney is stereotyping. Since Lottie fits the normal Disney princess characteristics it seems like Disney is making her more of the princess than they are making Tiana. Gehlawat shows more of how Lottie is stereotyped in the white family. Gehlawat stated, â€Å"When Lottie, Tiana’s childhood friend, asks her to prepare a couple hundred of her famous beignes†¦. and drops a wad of bills in her hand† (422). This statement shows that Lottie’s family had lots of money, like a stereotypical white family did in that time period.I agree that Disney does portray the white family in a stereotypically way, but I also think that it was appropriate to fit the time period. Just like the white race the black race also had characteristics that can be put into a stereotypical way. Tiana’s family was very poor and her mother, Eudora, worked as a seamstress for â€Å"Big Daddy†. Tiana and her father had a dream of owning their own restaurant. After, her father died Tiana worked as a waitress to make the dream a reality. By Eudora working for a rich white family it brings back the idea of slaves, which is another way of stereotyping the African American race.Tiana had to work very hard for everything she wanted in life; it was never handed to her on a silver platter, like it was for Lottie. Tiana lived in a much smaller house than Lottie, and they were very close to their neighbors. By Disney making Tiana a frog for most of the movie, some people have argued that it is degrading to the black race. Gehlawat stated, â€Å"What becomes lauded in the process is the representation of a black girl as an animal, or the conflation of blackness with bestiality† (418). I disagree with Gehlawat’s statement. I think that Tiana being a frog was taken out of context. Her being a frog as just a fun aspect to the movie, and was not intended to be a racial a ttack on the African Americans. Another way the film stereotyped the black race, was by the real estate brokers telling her that since she is black she should not have such big dreams. Charania and Simonds stated, â€Å"When, Tiana, as a young adult dreaming of opening her own restaurant, is told by the real estate brokers of her dream property that â€Å"a women of her background† should not strive so high† (70). I think that this is a stereotyping comment that is made in the movie, but I do not think this comment was made in direct to blacks in today’s society.I feel that any stereotyping made was fitting to the time period the film was set in. In today’s society being stereotyped in some way is a common thing that people need to learn to live with. The 1920’s was a sad part of history, but it did happen. It is not a bad thing to remind people about what things were like in history. Disney made an effort to show how far America has come since the 1920’s, by making an African American princess. They could have just made Tiana a princess, like the past Disney princesses, and that might have made the film a little less of a controversial issue.Everything and everyone will be stereotyped at some point in life. It is how the people respond to it that will make the difference on the future generations. Works Cited Charania, Moon and Wendy Simonds. â€Å"The Princess and the Frog. † American Sociological Assosiation. 2010. Vol. 9. No 3. 69-71. Print. Gehlawat, Ajay. â€Å"The Strange Case of The Princess and the Frog: Passing and the Elision of Race. † Journal of African American Studies 14. 4 (2010): 417-431. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. The Princess and the Frog. Dirs. Ron Clements and John Musker. 2009. Walt Disney Video. 2010. DVD.

Impact of Breast Cancer

Impact of Breast Cancer Free Online Research Papers It was a nice September day when I was fifteen years old. My parents told me they had something serious to tell me. My mind was racing. It could be divorce, but I didn’t think so, my parents are happy together. It could be that we are moving or someone close to me died. Then, they told me, that a couple of weeks ago my mother found out that she had breast cancer. I was scared and shocked. I had no idea what to think. I was speechless. I went down to my room that night and cried my heart out. I was so scared of what was going to happen. Just thinking about how my mom could die from this, was the scariest thing I have ever imagined, and it was like it was coming true. I struggled the next week, especially in school. I cried almost every night that week. My mother thought I had no emotion about it, but that was not true. I just didn’t want her to feel different. I wanted to treat her like she was normal. I just did not want her to feel like my whole life was changing becau se of her. The next couple of weeks my mother went through two different surgeries. Then she started chemotherapy. She started losing her hair. That was a real tough time in her life, she broke down, and I really had to be there for her. I told her, â€Å"Losing your hair is better than dying. You have had forty-two years of good and bad hair days. One year without hair will not kill you, but keep you around. Then you will have forty more years of hair.† After that she went through radiation. She is in remission and has to take pills for a few more years to keep the cancer away. It has been three years and she is clear from all cancer, but has side affects everyday from what she went through to get rid of the cancer. This is not the only woman going through cancer. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, it accounts for one of every three diagnoses in the United States. Breast cancers are malignancies, life threatening tumors that develops in one or both breasts. A female breast consists of fatty and fibrous connective tissues. The interior of the breast is divided into about twenty different sections called lobes. Each of the lobes is further divided in to lobules, which are structures that contain small milk-producing glands. These glands place the milk into tiny ducts. These ducts take the milk throughout the breast and store in a chamber located below the nipple. Breast cancer can either be invasive (spreading) or noninvasive (non-spreading). An invasive cancer penetrates the wall of a duct. This type of cancer is the most common, constituting about seventy percent of all cases. Infiltrating lobular cancer that spreads through a wall of a lobule accounts for about eight percent of all breast cancer. This type is likely to appear in both of the breasts, often in seven separate locations. The cause of breast cancer is unknown but researchers are suggesting that estrogen, a hormone produced by the ovaries, may be involved. Studied suggest that the longer a woman is exposed to the hormone (i.e. If she starts to menstruate before the age of twelve or if she went through menopause after the age of fifty-five and/or had children after the age of thirty) are at a greater risk. There are many different options for breast cancer patients. When a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer the first step in treatment is usually surgery. Surgery removes the cancer tumor and at times the decision is made to remove the entire breast. For many women the surgery is a life altering change that can cause depression and confusion about the next steps in the treatment of their disease. It is important for women to understand the difference between chemotherapy and radiation so that they can make an informed choice about how they want to proceed. After the surgery a decision has to be made about whether to pursue further treatment. If it is believed through testing that the cancer was not completely eradicated by surgery then the decision to use chemotherapy or radiation is made and treatment is started. Sometimes radiation or chemotherapy is recommended before the tumor is removed. This is to attempt to shrink the tumor before surgery so that the surgery will be less invasive to the breast, which will make reconstruction at a later d ate less difficult to complete. One of the options a woman can make is going through chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a systemic therapy, which means, that it affects the whole body by going through the bloodstream. This makes sure that all cancerous cells have been killed that may have been dispersed for the cancerous site. Chemotherapy otherwise know as chemo helps stop the spread of cancer by killing it. Chemo works best of rapidly dividing cells, which means, in the beginning stages of cancer patients. Most cancer patients have four to eight cycles of chemo. My mom for instance did chemo to make sure everything was gone. She had eight full cycles of chemo. Chemotherapy has many side effects. The problem with chemo is that it does not just affect the cancerous cells but also other noncancerous cells that rapidly divide. It affects the cells in your blood, mouth, intestinal tract, nose, nails, and hair. These body parts, however, have an advantage over cancer cells in that your body can repair the damage that chemotherapy does to your normal cells. This explains why your hair will grow back, your energy levels will rise, and your infections will clear up. And while your body is fighting back, supportive medications can help you control many of the side effects of chemotherapy. While many side effects of chemotherapy fade quickly, others may take months or years to disappear completely. For example, some women experience discomfort in their hands and feet from nerve damage related to the taxanes (Taxol or Taxotere), which can persist for months. It is possible (though uncommon) that chemotherapy may cause permanent side effects. It is hard to know what one may feel though, because everyone reacts differently to chemotherapy. A person may feel all of these side e ffects or just lose their hair; it is extremely hard to predict what one may go through. Another option would be radiation therapy. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy, x-ray therapy, or irradiation) is the use of a certain type of energy (called ionizing radiation) to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy injures or destroys cells in the area being treated (the â€Å"target tissue†) by damaging their genetic material, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow and divide. Although radiation damages both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the effects of radiation and function properly. The goal of radiation therapy is to damage as many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue. There are different types of radiation and different ways to deliver the radiation. For example, certain types of radiation can penetrate more deeply into the body than can others. In addition, some types of radiation can be very finely controlled to treat only a small area (an inch of tissue, for example) without damaging nearby tissu es and organs. Other types of radiation are better for treating larger areas. In some cases, the goal of radiation treatment is the complete destruction of an entire tumor. In other cases, the aim is to shrink a tumor and relieve symptoms. In either case, doctors plan treatment to spare as much healthy tissue as possible. About half of all cancer patients receive some type of radiation therapy. Radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery. In some cases, a patient may receive more than one type of radiation therapy. There are not as many side effects to radiation as there are to chemo. One of the biggest side effects is skin irritation. The skin will turn pink and feel like a sunburn after radiation. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in today’s society. Even though the rate of people who are being diagnosed is going up, the rate of death is even smaller than it once was. It is scary knowing that a loved one can die from such a horrible cancer. The research is more available now thanks to foundations such as Susan G. Komen and other companies donating money to research. It helps to know that doctors are becoming more knowledgeable in many different cancers, especially breast cancer. Hopefully one day they will have enough knowledge that there will no longer be deaths and not so many harsh side effects. I thank God everyday for giving the doctors resources to help provide a better result for my mother and her battle through Breast Cancer and to stay strong through it all. Research Papers on Impact of Breast CancerFalse AdvertisingSexually Transmitted DiseasesMRSA Staph BacteriaBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteThe Broken FamilyThe Story of Beatrix PotterEmmett Till BiographyDistance Learning Survival GuideLegalization of Same Sex Marriages