Sex Education, Why Should We Care - 1310 Words

Sex Education, Why Should We Care? It is incredible how the mere knowledge of something that is considered taboo by many can change someone ´s life. In his Health Education Research, Professor Lawrence St. Leger states that there seems to be a growing consensus claiming that schools can play an important role teaching the youth make informed decisions and help them shape a healthy lifestyle. That is why high schools are considered as the best environment to implement sex education programs within their syllabus to instruct teenagers not only about abstinence but also about a safer sex practice. Indeed, these types of programs have been included because of the increasing number of sexually-active teenagers, which are a matter of serious concern. Sex education helps teenagers to make better decisions – to either be abstinent or to practice a safer sex – allowing the prevention of unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted infections and having a great impact on the he alth of society. Debates about including sexual health education have taken place among society. Many people mistakenly relate sex instructions with motivating teenagers to have sexual intercourse. On the contrary, sexuality is not only based on the sexual behavior, but on a complete array of other topics, such as abstinence, human reproduction, pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and sexual health. In fact, sex education is necessary because sexuality is an essential part of each person ´s identity.Show MoreRelatedThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pagesbe observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with the color blue, the nature of masculinity, sports, and said to be more outspoken. However, gender and sex are two different things. Sex is the biological differences betweenRead MoreWhy Sex Education Should Be Taught Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesvaginal intercourse, 29 percent during anal intercourse and only 4 percent during oral sex.† Why is it that students aren’t protecting themselves against these issues? B. I am a credible source about this information because I am a college student who knows other students sex lives, not just in college but in high school too. II. Body A. Why sex education should be taught in school 1. Sex education should be taught in school for students to learn how to protect themselves against STDs andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Sex Education1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthe body, including the genitals, to a toddler or preschooler, sex education has begun (New York Times).† Although some argue they are too young; sex and drug education should be taught to every student in elementary schools across the nation. Prevention is key; education can teach these children valuable lessons that may save their life. Drug abuse in this country has reached an all new high with some of the most dangerous drugs we have ever encountered, and the ages of these drug addicts are gettingRead MoreSex Education versus Abstinence1103 Words   |  5 PagesStudents in the United States should be required to take sex education classes that promote abstinence instead of safe sex. Why is sex education prominent than abstinence? Focusing on abstinence will lead to a better outcome in life, while sex education has major disadvantages. Abstinence is the way to go, because the best safe sex is no sex. According to the Macmillan Dictionary, sex education is a system of medical and pedagogical measures for inculcating in parents, children, adolescents andRead MoreSex Education Is A Process Of Building A Strong Foundation For Sexual Health1166 Words   |  5 PagesSex Education According to Rhiannon Lucy, â€Å"Sex education is a process that begins at birth and continues until the day you die. It is a process of building a strong foundation for sexual health†. There are many misconceptions and non-factual opinions that accompany along the topic of sexual education, even though it may constantly discussed. Sex may includes sexual development, reproduction, intimacy, gender roles and relationships. At home parents may be nervous when discussing this particular topicRead MoreSex Education Are Essential For Teens1479 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education is a controversial but extremely important topic. Yet, we are doing very little to address it. Teaching sex education in schools are essential for teens to help build a strong foundation of sexual health. Although sex education must begin at home, some parents feel uncomfortable talking about the topic with their children and they believe teaching their children about sex can end up encouraging them to en gage in sexual intercourse. Due to that, parents and schools try to emphasize theRead MoreSex Education And Birth Control1384 Words   |  6 PagesXueBing Xie Mr. Hines ELA 11 College English 1/29/15 Rough Draft (4pgs) Title: Sex Education and Birth Control should be enforced to prevent Teenage Pregnancies â€Å"Approximately one million teens get pregnant and give birth every year in the United States. Eighty percent of those births are to unmarried teens (ProQuest Staff)†. Teenage Pregnancy is when a mentally immature female adolescent under the age of nineteen is pregnant. Pregnant Teenagers would have to face many consequences and problemsRead MoreWhy High Schools Need To Provide Sex/Contraceptive Classes Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesThere has always been a lot of controversy over the education of contraceptives and sex being included in the high school curriculum. However, as parents, mentors, and leaders that these children look up to we have an obligation to these children. Providing a contraceptive/sex education class to high schoo students would be so beneficial. It would ensure that they are being educated correctly and not by other kids their same age. The United States has one of the highest rates when it comesRead MoreWhy Birth Control Should Be Taught in Schools697 Words   |  3 Pagesfind abstinence only education appropriate but, birth control must be taught in schools. Schools should teach about birth control because students will have a better understanding how birth control works and it would decrease unwanted pregnancy in the future. â€Å"I know abstinence is the only 100 percent way of preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases† said Debbie Sandland. ( Day, Brenda 1) This is an example that the majority of adults prefer abstinence only education and find it appropriateRead MoreSex Ed By Anna Quindelen Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesIn her essay â€Å"Sex Ed†, Anna Quindelen, a New York Times Columnist, journalist, and novelist, describes why teens should be taught sexual education by family members and loved ones rather than by teachers (Quindelen 183). In the essay, the author states that girls know the anatomy of a female’s reproductive system, and can tell the beginning and end of the ovarian cycles but can still end up pregnant. Knowledge isn’t always the right way to getting a point across. Desensitizing teens to important

The Child Free Essays

string(83) " wishes in some cases it will be done to protect the child \(‘duty of care’\)\." Task 3 AC 3. 1 ? Attachment needs: By knowing the background of a child, having a good relationship with his/hers parents/carers and learning about the child’s interests all adds to aid the bonding. Each child is allocated a key worker but all staff should be able and available to engage with a child. We will write a custom essay sample on The Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now Listening to them, builds the trust and confidence they will have with you and therefore are more likely to come to you with any problems or concerns e. g. child in nursery has quite a distressing time when his parent leaves him so (whenever possible) the same member of staff always greets him, helps him sort out his bits and bobs and then takes him to the modelling table (his favourite thing). Over time his has helped him with his negative reaction to being left. This routine is also beneficial if that member of staff is not available as another staff member can do the same things. ? Supervision: A child needs to learn and explore so we need to always be mindful of Risk V Challenge. The opportunities must be there but in a way that does not endanger the child e. . Children should be given the opportunity to use the P. E equipment but staff must keep an eye and mats must be placed on the floor. If supervision is lacking a child could have accidents. Staff must always remember that t hey’re role models, also a good home/school link is again important as home background may have an impact on a child’s behaviour ect. By being aware of anything that is wrong at home e. g. Neglect and can put the welfare of the child in rectifying the problem. ? Safe arrival and Departure: With both arrival and departure staff, need to be warm and friendly to both children and parents/carers. The children need to see a good relationship between home/school to help reinforce their feelings of safety. By getting parents/carers in this way they’re more likely to have a word if there is anything going on at home e. g. a parent took met outside to explain a family pet had died and their child may be a bit tearful. This then allowed us to keep an extra eye on them and be ready to talk about it when the child wanted to. At departure time it is important for staff to be well informed on who is able to collect the children e. g. there may be a court order disallowing a parent from collecting the child. It is also important to keep a register in both am and pm sessions in case of emergencies (headcount) and it is a good way to keep check on regular absentees which may give a cause for concern. ? Outings: There are many things to consider when taking children on outings. Prior to any outing parent/carers must know and a permission slip is required for every child. A risk assessment must be done, the route planned and all relevant insurances must be up to date. Extra staff or volunteers will probably be required along with a qualified first aider. On the trip itself staff need to know that they have a list of emergency contact numbers. All staff need to know of any allergies or medical conditions. Head counts must be done on a regular basis – double checking each time. At our setting all the children would also be wearing a high visibility jacket as well. ? Play opportunities: In order to help protect and child’s safety and well being and to prevent a setting from being over crowded there is a minimum space ratio for every child i. e. 3-5 year olds: 2. 3 square meters of space per child. Children need to go outside every day (weather permitting) and if the setting does not have an outside area there must be on the setting can access e. . a field over the road. At my setting there is an outside shared area that both F1 and F2 can use. Part of the area is covered so even if it is raining the children can still be in the fresh air. Any theme/topic currently in the class is carried on with equipment and play opportunities outside e. g. shapes – the sand pit may have different shapes in it for the c hildren to find. ? Nutrition: Within my setting there are snack tables and a snack area in both F1 and F2. The children know that to eat there it has to be a ‘healthy’ snack e. g. a piece of fruit, carrot stick etc. Fresh fruit and drinks of squash, milk or water are available for all in case they do not bring any from home. The children bring in a pack lunch or have a hot Scholl dinner, so I would assume that the school has looked into the catering company and that they fulfil any requirements to provide a nutritious meal. ? Medical needs: We would need to know if a child has had all of the relevant vaccinations and date of the last tetanus jab. It is a parent’s choice whether to get a child vaccinated but we need to know either way. Within the setting there needs to be a first aider, school nurse or someone with relevant training on hand at all times. Any medical conditions that require treatment or medicine during the day needs to be administered by one of the above. Signed consent must be given by the parent and/or doctor if required e. g. one child at our setting bought in some ‘Puritan’ and we were asked by the parent to administer it more than the dosage stated. To protect the child (which is our duty) the school nurse would not do this until a doctor letter said that this was ok. The authorisation did not come – so she didn’t do it! Although it is not usual to go against the parents’ wishes in some cases it will be done to protect the child (‘duty of care’). You read "The Child" in category "Papers" Risk Assessments: this is required by law as part of health and safety. The setting equipment and things like outings all need to have the paper work done. At our setting the lead practitioner must sign it off and then give it to the head master, copies must also be kept. ? Hygiene: This is a huge aspect of keeping children safe and healthy. With regard to the children themselves all children are taught and reminded of how to wash their hands after each toilet visit and before eating. They are also shown and reminded on how to cover their mouths if they cough and to wipe their noses! If there are any toileting accidents the member of staff dealing with this needs to wear latex gloves and nappies have a separate bin. Dirty underwear gets placed into a special bag ready for the parents later. In the staff toilets there is a separate bin for any sanitary or tampon waste. As for the setting itself, the kitchen and snack areas are wiped down regularly. Play equipment and toys (wherever possible) are washed or wiped down at regular intervals. The children’s toilets are checked several times a day with professional cleaners coming in every evening. Also, at my setting, the water tables are drained and sprayed with a sterilising solution at the end of every day. ? Health surveillance: This is why it is important to know the children as it is easier to see when a child is poorly or ‘out of sync’. You will notice any weight loss or gain, any bruises from ‘regular accidents’ or change of moods and then be able to act accordingly. At our setting we also check with the lunch time staff and check lunchboxes to keep an eye on what and how much the children are eating. If there is a sickness bug and 2 or more children go down with it then Ofsted must be informed within 14 days. Food hygiene: All people that prepare or serve food to children should have attended a food hygiene course and attained a certificate. In our setting we have a small kitchen area and all the area is wiped and cleaned regularly. The ‘laws of the fridge’ are abided by e. g. it is regularly cleaned and any fresh meat is stored below cooked meats etc. Aprons, tea towels, clean cloths etc are always available. A list of hygiene rules are also displayed in the kitchen. ? Safeguarding: Every setting will have written policies and procedures to help ensure the safety and wellbeing of every child. These will include Health and Safety, Confidentiality, Data Protection, Bullying etc. When it comes to staff, all must have a CRB check and there will be a policy on ‘whistle blowing’ for any member of staff concerned about the actions of another. Any changes to staff etc must be reported to Ofsted. ? Cultural needs: This goes back to the ‘Equality, Inclusion and Diversity’ law. Every child as part of their happiness and wellbeing needs to feel important and worthwhile. Children should be made aware of different types of cultures and celebrations. Staff need to know the different cultures and parents need to be informed of any topics or celebrations that will be covered at the setting e. g. a Jehovah boy’s parent didn’t want him attending the Christmas party so they were informed so she could collect him before it started. ? Physical care routine: All of the topics covered on this task aid the physical well being of a child so I shall just cover ‘Intimate’ physical care e. g. nappy changes – the staff allowed to do this at my setting have to be a full-time member of staff, with a CRB. Also the only children who would equire this at my setting would have a ‘Statement’ and written permission from their parent/carer would have been attained. Any allegation of inappropriate behaviour would be reported following a chain of command, documented and given to Ofsted within 14 days. ? Physical activity: physical development and activity is so important to a child that it is a prime area in the EYFS. It helps children develop co-ordination, motor skills, balance, control and movement. At my placement they do a ‘wake and shake’ activity, which involves music and dance, after both am and pm registration along with P. E. sessions and outdoor play. ? Sleep and rest: By the time the children attend my setting they no longer have naps in the day – however there are areas they can go, e. g. book corner, if they want some quiet time or are feeling a little unwell. Children’s health and well being is also enforced by the EYFS, ECM, Childcare Acts and UN Rights of the Child. (Esp. Articles 3, 12, 13, 14, 24, 28, 29, 30 31). Task 4 AC 3. 2 1) Doctor: The family doctor is there for a wide range of health issues from a short -term viral infection to a long-term health issues. They will treat, advise and make referrals if necessary. Usually they will know the family history and background of a child so can be able to notice if things are a cause for concern. 2) School nurse: The school nurse works in partnership with the school and can be called upon for any concerns about a child. He/she also treats, cares and monitors any children with an ongoing medical condition. He/she can administer medicines and may also keep an eye on any children who have other agencies involved in their care e. g. social worker. ) Dentist: In most cases children are taken to the family dentist who will check, treat and care for their child’s oral health care. He/she will also offer advice on a child’s diet and dental care. Usually once a year a school dentist will visit and check at school with parents being advised of any concerns. 4) Dieticians: Dieticians provide advice to families with regard to healthy eating and choices along with life-style choices. Often Doc tors will refer families to a dietician if they have concerns over a child’s weight. Task 5 AC 5. 1 1-3 year olds Breakfast |Weetabix 20g | | |Milk 50g | | |Fresh Orange Juice 25ml | | |(diluted) | |Mid-Morning Snack |Milk 100ml | | |Bread Sticks 20g | | |Cheese cubes 10g | | |Apple chunks 50g | |Lunch |Chicken Risotto 150g | | |or | | |Vegetable lentil Broth 150g | | | | | |Fromage Frais 60g | | |Strawberries 30g | |Mid-Afternoon Snack |Milk 100ml | | |Dried Apricot 15g | | |Raisins 15g | | |Banana 30g | |Tea |Sm. W/meal Pitta Bread | | |Tuna 40g | | |Sweetcorn 50g | | Cherry Tomatoes 30g | | |Cucumber 70g | | | | | |Custard 70g | | |Peaches 40g | |Vitamin A | Apricots, tomatoes, | | |Cheese, sweetcorn, milk | |Vitamin D |Tuna | |Thiamine |Pitta, chicken | |Riboflavin |Milk, chicken, tuna, cheese | | |Yoghurt | |Niacin |Tuna, chicken, pitta | |Vitamin B6 |Pitta, weetabix, chicken, | | |Tomatoes, cheese, lentils, | | |Banana, apricots, raisins | |Vitamin B12 |Chicken, milk, cheese, | | |Yoghurt | |Folate |Pitta, tomatoes | |Vitamin C |O. J, apple, | | |Tomatoes, strawberries | |Iron |Pitta, lentils, chicken, | | |Tuna, apricots, raisins | |Calcium |Cheese, yoghurt, milk, | | |Lentils, apricots, O. J. |Zinc |Chicken, weetabix, tuna, | | |Milk, cheese, lentils, pitta | |Fibre |Weetabix, lentils, apricots, | | |Sweetcorn, banana, raisins | 4 – 6 year olds |Vitamin A |Carrot, tomatoes, O. J. | | |Green beans, margarine, cheese, | | |milk | |Vitamin D |Tuna, salmon, margarine | |Thiamine |Ham, rolls, potatoes | |Riboflavin |Milk, ham, tuna, salmon, cheese, | | |Yoghurt | |Niacin Salmon, tuna, ham, rolls | |Vitamin B6 |Potatoes, banana, baked beans, | | |Green beans, rolls, tomatoes, | | |Cheese | |Vitamin B12 |Milk, cheese, yoghurt | |Folate |Weetabix, rolls, green beans, | | |Tomatoes, potatoes | |Vitamin C |O. J. raspberries, tomatoes, | | |Potatoes, green beans | |Iron |Rolls, weetabix, baked beans, | | |Salmon, tuna | |Calcium |Cheese, yoghurt, m ilk, O. J. | |Zinc |Ham, tuna, milk, cheese, beans, | | |Rolls | |Fibre |Baked beans, rolls, potatoes, | | |Carrot, banana | Breakfast |Baked beans 80g | | |Sprinkle grated cheese | | |Muffin 50g | | |Margarine 15g | | |Orange Juice 25ml (dil) | |Mid-morning snack |Milk 100ml | | |Banana 100g | | Lunch |Grilled salmon 75g | | |Boiled potatoes 100g | | |Green beans 50g | | | | | |Fromage Frais 60g | | |Raspberries 40g | |Mid-afternoon |Water | |snack |Pineapple in juice 80g | | |Fruit yoghurt 80g | |Tea |Wholemeal rolls 60g | | |Margarine 15g | | |Ham/tuna 30g | | |Tomatoes 35g | | |Cucumber 20g | | |Carrot sticks 35g | | | | | |Sponge pudding 90g | Task 6 AC 5. Please note we would need to check the ingredients of the cottage pie and check whether nuts are used in the vicinity of this meals preparation. 1. No. 2. Georgia, Isabel, Abra, John. 3. We might endanger the children – allergies or offend/go against cultural practices. 4. Joshua = would get a rash that could be infla med, itchy or develop hives. Georgia = could get an uncomfortable stomach and/or diarrhoea. Noah = could have a small reaction e. g. minor swelling to his lips or face or a severe reaction e. g. an asthma like reaction with swelling of the throat (anaphylaxis). Isabel = could develop symptoms of wheezing, diarrhoea or vomiting. Abra = we would be going against his ( his parents) culture and not giving him the respect, knowledge and understanding of his ethnic group. John = if he is a vegetarian by choice we would be going against his wishes and life-choices to which he has a right. 5. Parents (I would presume) know their children best. If the advice is ignored you could cause their children to have an allergic reaction, whether mild or severe, cause harm or discomfort, or endanger their lives. Task 8 AC 5. 4 This would have to be done quite sensitively and tactfully when it comes to the parents as some may take offense if we make them feel that they ‘don’t know best’. With regard to my setting we do not cater for the children ourselves as they go into school to eat a hot dinner. These are provided by a catering company who produce a 4 week menu which is available to parents. We do provide ‘healthy’ snacks for the children to have whenever they wish. The children know that crisps, biscuits etc that may be in their lunch boxes are not suitable to eat at the snack table. What could be done is a topic/theme of foods to incorporate the criteria from the EYFS – Understanding the World, obviously the other areas of the EYFS can be covered within it because of the interdependency. Also the children sometimes have a small homework challenge to complete over a term or ? term. It could be to make a list of foods at home on a traffic light i. e. ed – unhealthy through to green – healthy. This would then give the children the chance to talk to parents/carers about the foods they have and may help to promote parents/carers into changing their diet slightly if they see ‘too many reds’. Perhaps the children could make a ‘ food plate’ on which they could draw, stick pictures etc of their favourite foods. They could then make a bigger plate for mummy or daddy thus helping to reinforce the fact that children do not need to eat the same size portions as adults. Weight is very often a sensitive subject and misconceptions of a slightly overweight child being described as ‘looking healthy’ don’t help the issue. Any weight gains or losses that are quite extreme would have to be talked about with their parent or carer. Hopefully this would result with visiting the doctor (who may then refer to a dietician or give life-style advice) to check that there isn’t any underlying medical condition. At the present time I only know of children who have intolerances or allergies to certain foods – I have not had the experience of talking to a parent about their child’s eating habits ,because, I presume, the fact that we do not do the catering. But I would hope that because of the good home/school link at our setting any ‘food’ concerns noticed at home would be shared with us and then we could give advice and get together some information to help them. How to cite The Child, Papers

Timothy Ojiribe Essays - Cinema Of The United States, Films

Timothy Ojiribe 2/ 01/ 10 Intro. to Broadcast performance Rose THE BOOK OF ELI Many movies this year, said to come out with deeper meaning behind them and to have plenty of viewers in secluded thoughts but to me, no movie will have you more perplexed than The BOOK OF ELI. It was a story worth telling and gave such visual content that just by watching the middle of the movie, to me, would have had you, the viewer, astounded. The movie is guaranteed to have you at the edge of your seat and with the help of the infamous and brilliant actor, Denzel Washington, one of my all time favorite actors, he brings to life the character, Eli. The movie in its self is defined in biblical terms and religious thoughts. Ironically, the movie takes place in 2012 and people and the world itself have changed dramatically. I'm talking about the population dwindling from the billion's to the hundred thousand's and most of these people either can not read, are blind, have a skin condition due to the sun, or are cannibals. The movie begins by showing Eli, Denzel's character hunting for his dinner, which is in reference to how the world and her people most partially reverse back to ancient means. For example, hunting with a bow and arrow or stalking ones prey. He crosses over many states all the way from the east coast and is travelling towards the west coast in order to deliver a book to the holy land (Pelican bay state prison). The book, if you watch the movie, you will notice that everybody and their brother are after the book. What makes this book so holy? That's just it, it's the holy book, the bible but the book is even special than that. Towards the end of the movie Eli dies, living behind a "holy" message and his first friend, played by Mila Kunis to envelop into her own journey back home. I totally enjoyed this movie due to Denzel's spectacular acting at playing such an intriguing role. The supporting actors and actresses such as Gary Oldman (the commissioner in The Dark Knight) and Jennifer Beals (Grudge 2) were exceptional as well. The movie's message to me was that we as people go through life forgetting what's important until it taken away from us, cherish what we have and make the best of it. This movie should be a good representation of what life could be like due to the circumstances of what we live through now.

Essay about The Early Life of Machiavelli

Essay about The Early Life of Machiavelli Essay about The Early Life of Machiavelli Slide 2: The early life of Machiavelli Machiavelli was born on May 3rd 1469 in Florence, Italy, the first son and third child of attorney Bernardo di Niccolà ² Machiavelli and his wife Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli. He was born to an established though not affluent middle-class family whose members had traditionally filled positions in local government. Machiavelli was born in a tumultuous era- popes waged acquisitive wars against Italian city-states, and people and cities might fall from power at any time. Married Marietta Corsini, 1501; children: five. Slide 3: About his life He was born as aristocrat†¦.This is a member of a aristocracy government. His father was an aristocrat. The most powerful class in Greek history While little of the author's early life has been documented, it is known that as a boy he learned Latin and that he quickly became an assiduous reader of the ancient classics. His main political experience in his youth was watching Savanarola from afar. Soon after Savanarola was executed, Machiavelli entered the Florentine government as a secretary. His position quickly rose, however, and was soon engaging in diplomatic missions. He met many of the important politicians of the day, such as the Pope and the King of France, but none had more impact on him than a prince of the Papal States, Cesare Borgia. Unfortunately, for Machiavelli, he was dismissed from office when the Medici came to rule Florence and the Republic was overthrown. The lack of a job forced him to switch to writing about politics instead of being active. His diplomatic missions were his last official government positions. Slide 4: Fields of work During the renaissance, he was an Italian diplomat, political philosopher, musician, poet, and playwright. He was a founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics. Machiavelli is regarded by some as the founder of value-free political science. He describes politics as it is, not as it might be, and shows how this knowledge can be exploited to bring greater order into human affairs. But Machiavelli's science is anything but value-free: He prefers glory to security, and admires innovators more than conservatives. Though he writes both for republics and tyrants, many have argued that he favors one over the other. In fact, he clearly has a preference for republics, but believes that the founding father of every republic needs to possess unrestrained power. Machiavelli engaged in a flurry of diplomatic activity on behalf of Florence, travelling to the major centers of Italy as well as to the royal court of France and to the imperial curia of Maximilian. We have letters, dispatches, and occasional writings that testify to his political assignments as well as to his acute talent for the analysis of personalities and institutions. During his lifetime, Machiavelli was best known as a playwright, and the Mandragola is his most original play. In this comedy Machiavelli applies his views to ordinary, seemingly nonpolitical life: Callimaco, a young man, is attracted to young Lucrezia, who is unfortunately married to Nicia, an older man. Thus Callimaco agrees to a plan devised by the Machiavellian figure Ligurio to gain access to Lucrezia. As this is a work of fiction, and not a long one to read, I will not reveal the whole plot here so as not to spoil anyone’s fun. The Mandragola is regarded as a classic of Italian literature, illustrating Machiavelli’s versatility as an author. It touches on many of the themes common to his political works: people’s ambition to get what they want, the gray areas in moral life, criticism of the church and so forth. But here his irreverent attitude is more visible than in his more â€Å"serious† works. Slide 5: Impacts Scholars have argued that Machiavelli was a major indirect and direct influence upon the political thinking of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Benjamin Franklin, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson followed

Exclusion Restrictions in Instrumental Variables

Exclusion Restrictions in Instrumental Variables In many fields of study, including statistics and economics, researchers rely on valid exclusion restrictions when they are estimating outcomes using either instrumental variables (IV) or exogenous variables. Such calculations are often used to analyze the causal effect of a binary treatment. Variables and Exclusion Restrictions Loosely defined, an exclusion restriction is considered valid so long as the independent variables do not directly affect the dependent variables in an equation. For example, researchers rely on randomization of the sample population in order to ensure comparability across the treatment and control groups. At times, however, randomization is not possible. This may for any number of reasons, such as lack of access to suitable populations or budgetary restrictions. In such cases, the best practice or strategy is to rely on an instrumental variable. Simply put, the method of using instrumental variables is utilized to estimate causal relationships when a controlled experiment or study is simply not feasible. Thats where valid exclusion restrictions come into play.   When researchers employ instrumental variables, they rely on two primary assumptions. The first is that the excluded instruments are distributed independently of the error process. The other is that the excluded instruments are sufficiently correlated with the included endogenous regressors. As such, the specification of an IV model states that the excluded instruments affect the independent variable only indirectly.   As a result, exclusion restrictions are considered observed variables that impact treatment assignment, but not the outcome of interest conditional on treatment assignment. If, on the other hand, an excluded instrument is shown to exert both direct and indirect influences on the dependent variable, the exclusion restriction should be rejected. The Importance of Exclusion Restrictions In simultaneous equation systems or a system of equations, exclusion restrictions are critical. The simultaneous equation system is a finite set of equations in which certain assumptions are made. Despite its importance to the solution of the system of equations, the validity of an exclusion restriction cannot be tested as the condition involves an unobservable residual. Exclusion restrictions are often imposed intuitively by the researcher who must then convince of the plausibility of those assumptions, meaning that the audience must believe the researcher’s theoretical arguments that support the exclusion restriction. The concept of exclusion restrictions denotes that some of the exogenous variables are not in some of the equations. Often this idea is expressed by saying the coefficient next to that exogenous variable is zero. This explanation may make this restriction (​hypothesis) testable and may make a simultaneous equation system identified. Sources Schmidheiny, Kurt. Short Guides to Microeconometrics: Instrumental Variables.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Schmidheiny.name. Fall 2016.University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences staff. Introduction to Instrumental Variables. UManitoba.ca.

Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership and Management - Essay Example The company’s name is Sweet Nature Limited. Besides the Marketing department, the company had three other major departments: Finance department, Purchasing and Supply Chain department, and Human Resource department. In the department, I was a member of a certain group charged with the responsibility of making important decisions concerning sales and marketing. The group was under Bill, who was the Vice President, Mary, the Manager, Stella, Frank and I who were market researchers whereas Peter and Jane were public relation assistants. The table below delineates the responsibilities and attributes of each of the people in the group. ... ws with the media Chatty Experiences Friendly sociable Name :Peter Sex : Male Age :30 years Public relations Chooses the right form of advertising Media spokesman of the company Conduct interviews with the media Friendly Introverted Table 1: A table showing the names, age, exposition, duties and the basic attributes of each of the members in the Sales and Marketing decision making group At one instance, the company was contemplating introducing a new line of products. We held a meeting in the company’s boardroom for several hours to discuss on various matters concerning the new product, with regard to sales and marketing. The company’s top management needed to seek our opinion as to whether the new product would be lucrative to the company. As the marketing department, we had extensive knowledge about the target market of the new product and the strategies required to successful introduce the product. However, during the meeting, there arose various disagreements among the group members basing on a variety of issues. Some members could not agree about the market entry strategy, the initial pricing of the product, the means of advertisements to be used to promote the product, matters to do with market segmentation, among many others. Thus, in the meeting, there was increased communication breakdown. Bill, the Vice President in sales and marketing department, chaired the meeting. He veneered a rough time controling the group as there was heated debate in various aspects. An eminent example which depicts how the group could not come to consensus so easily involves the pricing strategy to be adopted during the introduction of the new product. The table below depicts what transpired during the discussion regarding price strategy Member View on pricing strategy Bill He

Balance lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Balance - Lab Report Example Record the reading The Centigram Balance, which gives a reading of 2.3 on weighing the copper slug directly, has a sensitivity of 0.1 grams, whereas the Electronic Balance which gives a reading of 2.999 for the same slug has a much higher sensitivity of 0.001g. It is important to use the same slug for both instruments to make sure that any disparity in the readings is due to the instrument being used and not because of a difference in the mass of the copper slug being measured. The Electronic Balance has a higher accuracy. This is further proved by the value obtained for average mass of a copper slug using an Electronic Balance. This value, 2.980, is very close to the reading 2.989 which was obtained when a copper slug was measured on the Electronic Balance using weight difference method. The Electronic Balance, due to its high sensitivity and accuracy is more reliable for measurement of small masses. The Centigram on the other hand has a much lower accuracy and sensitivity and is thus unsuitable for small masses. Weighing by difference is different from weighing directly because it involves taking two readings and then subtracting the two to get a value for the mass that has to be measured. Weighing by difference gives more accurate results because when the readings are subtracted then any zero error due to wrong calibration of the instrument will be removed from the final reading. In case of weighing a mass directly if the instrument contains a zero error it will show up in the reading obtained which will then be inaccurate. Conclusion: This experiment establishes that the use of an Electronic Balance as opposed to a Centigram Balance and the use of weighing by difference technique as opposed to weighing directly produce more accurate